A framework for analysing convergence between online brand identity and online brand image. The case of the British Museum

Authors

  • Monica Fait
  • Paola Scorrano
  • Amedeo Maizza
  • Alkis Thrassou

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7433/s104.2017.09

Keywords:

web communication, museum, online brand identity, online brand image, text mining, co-creation

Abstract

Purpose of the paper: The aim of the paper is to analyze the level of convergence between online brand identity and online brand image in the museum sector.

Methodology: This paper proposes an operative framework - called Assessing Web Convergence (AWC) - for extracting information from the web, processing it with text mining techniques and interpreting it in order to monitor the level of convergence between identity and image on the web for the British Museum (BM).

Results: Empirical testing of the framework has shown that in the case of the British Museum, the museum’s communication and the users’ perception share four thematic areas: Aim and Organisation, Prospects, Art and Collections and Visit Experience. It is possible to observe that the effectiveness of such communication does not depend on the apparent homogeneity of the themes but on the convergence between identity and image with reference to three qualitative dimensions - Functional, Holistic and Experiential.

Research limitations: The framework is limited by its purely qualitative approach.

Practical implications: The proposed operative framework can be used by museums for self-diagnosis. Specifically, the interpretative phase enables management to identify and exemplify those elements that enable museums to transform data into knowledge that is useful for developing and enhancing their competitive strategies with regard to the co-evolution of web content.

Originality of the paper: The operative framework’s originality lies in the possibility of extraction and analysis of non-structured information which, if interpreted from the perspective of convergence between identity and image, can be transformed into knowledge, useful for decision-making.

References

AAKER D.A. (1991), Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name, Free Press, New York.

AAKER D.A. (1996), “Measuring brand equity across products and markets”, California Management Review, vol. 38, n. 3, 102-120.

AAKER J.L. (1997), “Dimensions of brand personality”, Journal of Marketing Research, Aug, 34, 3vol. ABI/INFORM Global, pp. 347-356.

ADJEI M.T., NOBLE S.M., NOBLE C.H. (2010), “The influence of C2C communications in online brand communities on customer purchase behavior”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 38, n. 5, pp. 634-653.

AMIRKHANPOUR M., VRONTIS D., THRASSOU A. (2014), “Mobile Marketing: A Contemporary Strategic Perspective”, International Journal of Technology Marketing, vol. 9, n. 3, pp. 252-269.

ARMANO D. (2008), “Brand interactions are the future: be prepared with an interaction designer”, Advertising Age, vol. 79, n. 17, p. 24.

ASHLEY C., TUTEN T. (2015), “Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement”, Psychology and Marketing, vol. 32, n. 1, pp. 15-27.

BABBIE E. (1992), The practice of social research, Macmillan, New York.

BAKHSHI H., THROSBY D. (2012), “New technologies in cultural institutions: theory, evidence and policy implications”, International Journal of Cultural Policy, vol. 18, n. 2, pp. 205-222.

BERELSON B. (1952), Content Analysis in Communication Research, Free Press., Glencoe, Ill.

BERTHON P.R., PITT L.F., PLANGGER K., SHAPIRO D. (2012), “Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy”, Business Horizons, vol. 55, n. 3, pp. 261-271.

BERTHON P., PITT L., CAMPBELL C. (2008), “Ad lib: When customers create the ad.”, California Management Review, vol. 50, n. 4, pp. 6-30.

BLACK G. (2005), The engaging museum: Developing museums for visitor involvement, Routledge, New York, U.S.A

BOLASCO S. (1997), “L’analisi informatica dei testi”, in Ricolfi L. (a cura di), La ricerca qualitativa, NIS, Roma.

BOWDEN J.L.H. (2009), “The process of customer engagement: A conceptual framework”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 63-74.

BOWEN J., BRADBURNE J., BURCH A., DIERKING L., FALK J., FANTONI S.F., LONSDALE P. (2008), Digital technologies and the museum experience: Handheld guides and other media, Rowman Altamira Press, Plymouth, United Kingdom.

BRODIE R.J., ILIC A., JURIC B., HOLLEBEEK L. (2013), “Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, n. 1, pp. 105-114.

BUTTLE F.A. (1998), “Word of mouth: understanding and managing referral marketing”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 6, n. 3, pp. 241-254.

CAMERON F., KENDERDINE S. (2007), Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse (Media in Transition), The MIT Press., Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

CASTELLS M. (1996), The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 1: The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell Cambridge, MA-Oxford, UK.

CHRISTODOULIDES G. (2012), “Cross-National Differences in e-WOM Influence”, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 46, n. 11, pp. 1689-1707.

CHRISTODOULIDES G., JEVONS C., BONHOMME J. (2012), “Memo to marketers: Quantitative evidence for change”, Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 52, n. 1, pp. 53-64.

COOPER R.J, RUGER S.M. (2000), A Simple Question Aswering System, Trec- trec.nist.gov

CRETU A.E., BRODIE R.J. (2007), “The influence of brand image and company reputation where manufacturers market to small firms: A customer value perspective”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36, n. 2, pp. 230-240.

DAUGHERTY T., EASTIN M.S., BRIGHT L. (2008), “Exploring consumer motivations for creating user-generated content”, Journal of Interactive Advertising, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 16-25.

DE CHERNATONY L. (1999), “Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation”, Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 15, n. 1-3, pp. 157-179.

DE VALCK K., VAN BRUGGEN G.H., WIERENGA B. (2009), “Virtual communities: A marketing perspective”, Decision Support Systems, vol. 47, n. 3, pp. 185-203.

DILLON W.R., MADDEN T.J., KIRMANI A., MUKHERJEE S. (2001), “Understanding what’s in a brand rating: A model for assessing brand and attribute effects and their relationship to brand equity”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 38, n. 4, pp. 415-429.

DOWNE‐WAMBOLDT B. (1992), “Content analysis: method, applications, and issues”, Health Care for Women International, vol. 13, n. 3, pp. 313-321.

EISENHARDT K.M. (1989), “Building theories from case study research”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 532-550.

FAIRCLOTH J.B., CAPELLA L.M., ALFORD B.L. (2001), “The effect of brand attitude and brand image on brand equity”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 9, n. 3, pp. 61-75.

FAIT M., SCORRANO P., CAVALLO F., IAIA L., MAIZZA A. (2015), “Online Core Communication and Online Core Perception. Is There Convergence?”, Book of Proceedings of 8th Annual Conference of the EuroMed Academy of Business, “Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Value Chain in a Dynamic Environment”, Verona, 16-18 Settembre 2015, ISBN: 978-9963-711-37-6, pp. 584-597.

FALK J.H., DIERKING L.D. (2000), Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning, Altamira Press., Lanham, Maryland, U.S.A.

FELDMAN R., SANGER J. (2007), The Text Mining Handbook. Advanced Approaches in Analyzing Unstructured Data, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

FIORE A.M., JIN H.J., KIM J. (2005a), “For fun and profit: Hedonic value from image interactivity and responses toward an online store”, Psychology and Marketing, vol. 22, n. 8, pp. 669-694.

FIORE A.M., KIM J., LEE H.H. (2005b), “Effect of image interactivity technology on consumer responses toward the online retailer”, Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 19, n. 3, pp. 38-53.

FLYVBJERG B. (2006), “Five misunderstandings about case-study research”, Qualitative Inquiry, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 219-245.

GRÖNROOS C. (1997), “Value‐driven relational marketing: from products to resources and competencies”, Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 13, n. 5, pp. 407-419.

GUNDLACH H., NEVILLE B. (2012), “Authenticity: Further theoretical and practical development”, Journal of Brand Management, vol. 19, n. 6, pp. 484-499.

HERR P.M., KARDES F.R., KIM J. (1991), “Effects of word-of-mouth and product-attribute information on persuasion: An accessibility-diagnosticity perspective”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 17, n. 4, pp. 454-462.

HOFFMAN D.L., NOVAK T.P. (1996), “Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations”, The Journal of Marketing, vol. 60, n. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 50-68.

HOLLEBEEK L. (2011), “Exploring customer brand engagement: definition and themes”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 19, n. 7, pp. 555-573.

HOLSTI O.R. (1969), Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

JENKINS H. (2006), Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, New York University Press, New York.

JENKINS H., PURUSHOTMA R., WEIGEL M., CLINTON K., ROBISON A.J. (2009), Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century, Mit Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, England, London.

KAPLAN A.M., HAENLEIN M. (2010), “Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media”, Business Horizons, vol. 53, n. 1, pp. 59-68.

KELLER K.L. (1993), “Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity”, Journal of Marketing, vol. 57, n. 1, pp. 1-22.

KELLER K.L. (2003), Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equit, 2d ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

KELLER K.L. (2009), “Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment”, Journal of Marketing Communications, vol. 15, n. 2-3, pp. 139-155.

KEMPF D.S. (1999), “Attitude formation from product trial: Distinct roles of cognition and affect for hedonic and functional products”, Psychology and Marketing, vol. 16, n. 1, pp. 35-50.

KERLINGER F.N. (1986), Foundations of Behavioral Research, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

KIM J., MORRIS J.D. (2007), “The power of affective response and cognitive structure in product-trial attitude formation”, Journal of Advertising, vol. 36, n. 1, pp. 95-106.

KOTLER N.G., KOTLER P., KOTLER W.I. (2008), Museum marketing and strategy: designing missions, building audiences, generating revenue and resources, John Wiley & Sons San Francisco, CA.

KOTLER P., KARTAJAYA H., SETIAWAN I. (2010), Marketing 3.0: From products to customers to the human spirit, John Wiley & Sons, San Francisco, CA.

KRIPPENDORF K. (1980), Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

KWOK C., ETZIONI O., WELD D.S. (2001), “Scaling question answering to the web”, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), vol. 19, n. 3, pp. 242-262.

LACZNIAK R.N., DECARLO T.E., RAMASWAMI S.N. (2001), “Consumers’ responses to negative word-of-mouth communication: An attribution theory perspective”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, vol. 11, n. 1, pp. 57-73.

LANCIA F. (2012), The Logic of the T-LAB Tools Explained, Retrieved [date] from http://www.tlab.it/en/toolsexplained.php.

LANG C., REEVE J., WOOLLARD V. (2006), The responsive museum: working with audiences in the twenty-first century, Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT.

LEINHARDT G., KNUTSON K., CROWLEY K (2003), “Museum Learning Collaborative redux”, Journal of Museum Education, vol. 28, n. 1, pp. 23-31.

LÓPEZ X., MARGAPOTI I., MARAGLIANO R., BOVE G. (2010), “The presence of Web 2.0 tools on museum websites: a comparative study between England, France, Spain, Italy, and the USA”, Museum Management and Curatorship, vol. 25, n. 2, pp. 235-249.

MACNAMARA J. (2010), The 21st century media (r)evolution: Emergent communication practices, Peter Lang, New York.

MADHAVARAM S., BADRINARAYANAN V., MCDONALD R.E. (2005), “Integrated marketing communication (IMC) and brand identity as critical components of brand equity strategy: A conceptual framework and research propositions”, Journal of Advertising, vol. 34, n. 4, pp. 69-80.

MORSE J.M., FIELD P.A. (1995), Qualitative research methods for health professionals (2nd ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

MOWEN J.C. (1995), Consumer behavior, 4° ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

MUÑIZ A.M., SCHAU H.J. (2011), “How to inspire value-laden collaborative consumer-generated content”, Business Horizons, vol. 54, n. 3, pp. 209-217.

MUÑIZ JR A.M., SCHAU H.J. (2007), “Vigilante marketing and consumer-created communications”, Journal of Advertising, vol. 36, n. 3, pp. 35-50.

NANDAN S. (2005), “An exploration of the brand identity-brand image linkage: A communications perspective”, Journal of Brand Management, vol. 12, n. 4, pp. 264-278.

PARK K.S., KIM J. (2003), “The roles of emotion and cognition in a product-trial attitude formation under different involvement conditions”, Journal of Marketing Management Research, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 79-102.

PARRY R. (2010), Museums in a Digital Age, Milton Park, Routledge.

PETER J.P., OLSON J.C. (1996), Consumer behavior and marketing strategy, 4° ed., Irwin, New York.

PINE B.J., GILMORE J.H. (1999), The experience economy: work is theatre & every business a stage, Harvard Business Press.

PRAHALAD C.K., RAMASWAMY V. (2004), “Co‐creation experiences: The next practice in value creation”, Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 18, n. 3, pp. 5-14.

PRAHALAD C.K., RAMASWAMY V. (2013), The future of competition: Co-creating unique value with customers, Harvard Business Press., Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

RAHAMAN H., TAN B.K. (2011), “Interpreting digital heritage: A conceptual model with end-users’ perspective”, International Journal of Architectural Computing, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 99-113.

SCHAU H.J., MUÑIZ JR A.M., ARNOULD E.J. (2009), “How brand community practices create value”, Journal of Marketing, vol. 73, n. 5, pp. 30-51.

SCHWEIBENZ W. (2010), “Museums and Web 2.0: Some Thoughts about Authority”, Handbook of Research on Technologies and Cultural Heritage: Applications and Environments: Applications and Environments, n. 1.

SCORRANO P., FAIT M. (2015), “A conceptual model to develop data gathered from unstructured sources into marketing knowledge” in Vrontis D., Weber Y., Tsoukatos E., Maizza A., Contemporary Trends and Perspectives in Wine and Agrifood Management, Cyprus, EuroMed Press, ISBN: 978-9963-711-30-7.

SCORRANO P., FAIT M., MAIZZA A. (2015), “The relationship between unstructured information and marketing knowledge: an experiment in the US wine market”, International Journal of Management Practice, vol. 8, n. 3, pp. 232-246.

SIGGELKOW N. (2007), “Persuasion with case studies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 50, n. 1, pp. 20.

SIMON N. (2010), The Partecipatory Museum. Santa Cruz. http://www.participatorymuseum.org/read/

SLATER A., ARMSTRONG K. (2010), “Involvement, Tate, and me”, Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 26, n. 7-8, pp. 727-748.

SMITH T. (2009), “The social media revolution”, International Journal of Market Research, vol. 51, n. 4, pp. 559-561.

SOLOMON M.R. (2004), Consumer behavior, buying, having, and being, 6° ed., Pearson, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

SPROTT D., CZELLAR S., SPANGENBERG E. (2009), “The importance of a general measure of brand engagement on market behavior: Development and validation of a scale”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 46, n. 1, pp. 92-104.

TAHERI B., JAFARI A. (2014), “12 Museums as playful venues in the leisure society”, Contemporary Tourist Experience: Concepts and Consequences, vol. 27 Routledge, New York, pp. 201-215.

THOMAS S., MINTZ A. (1998), Virtual and the Real: Media in the Museum, American Association of Museums.

THRASSOU A., VRONTIS D. (2009), “A New Consumer Relationship Model: The Marketing Communications Application”, Journal of Promotion Management, vol. 15, n. 4, pp. 499-521.

TUTEN T.L., SOLOMON M.R. (2014), Social media marketing, Pearson, Milano.

VAN DOORN J., LEMON K.N., MITTAL V., NASS S., PICK D., PIRNER P., VERHOEF P.C. (2010), “Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions”, Journal of Service Research, vol. 13, n. 3, pp. 253-266.

VERHOEF P.C., REINARTZ W.J., KRAFFT M. (2010), “Customer engagement as a new perspective in customer management”, Journal of Service Research, vol. 13, n. 3, pp. 247-252.

VIVEK S.D., BEATTY S.E., MORGAN R.M. (2012), “Customer engagement: Exploring customer relationships beyond purchase”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 20, n. 2, pp. 122-146.

VOM LEHN D., HEATH C. (2005), “Accounting for new technology in museum exhibitions”, International Journal of Arts Management, vol. 7, n. 3 (SPRING 2005), pp. 11-21.

VOORHEES E.M. (1999), “The TREC-8 Question Answering Track Report”, proceedings of the eighth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8), Gaithersburg, Maryland, November 17-19, n. 199, pp. 77-82.

VRONTIS D., VIASSONE M., THRASSOU A. (2015), “The role and potential of Social Networks Sites in tertiary education”, Sinergie, vol. 33, n. 97, pp. 55-81.

WEBER R.P. (1990), Basic Content Analysis, 2nd ed., SAGE Publications, Newbury Park, California, U.S.A.

WEINBERG B.D., PEHLIVAN E. (2011), “Social spending: Managing the social media mix”, Business Horizons, vol. 54, n. 3, pp. 275-282.

WHEELER A. (2013), Designing brand identity (vol. 3, pp. 1-40), John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.

WILLIAMS T.G. (2002), “Social class influences on purchase evaluation criteria”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 19, n. 3, pp. 249-276.

YIN R.K. (2013), Case study research: Design and methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks.

ZEITHAML V.A. (1988), “Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence”, The Journal of Marketing, vol. 52, n. 3, pp. 2-22.

Web Site

https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Report%20and%20accounts%202013%20-%202014.pdf

https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Towards_2020-The_British_Museum_Strategy.pdf

https://www.facebook.com/britishmuseum

http://www.museus.gov.br/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/TheArtNewspaper2013_ranking.pdf(The Art Newspaper, 100 Art Museum Attendance, Special Report 2014)

Downloads

Published

2017-12-28