I modelli di previsione delle insolvenze e le piccole imprese: evidenze empiriche in una prospettiva territoriale (Forecasting models for insolvencies and small businesses: empirical evidences from a territorial perspective)

Authors

  • Linda Gabbianelli

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7433/s101.2016.08

Keywords:

default prediction modelling, firm-territory relationships, logistic regression, small firms

Abstract

Purpose of the paper: To test whether the qualitative variables regarding the territory and the firm-territory relationship can improve the accuracy of small business default prediction models.

Methodology: We applied a logistic regression to a sample of 141 small Italian enterprises located in the Marche region and we built two different default prediction models: one using only financial ratios and one using jointly financial ratios and territorial variables.

Findings: Including variables regarding the relationships between firms and their territory the accuracy rates of default prediction models is significantly improved.

Research limits: The qualitative variables data collected are affected by subjective judgments of respondents of the firms studied. In addition, no other qualitative variables (such as those regarding competitive strategies, the managerial skills and the knowledge management) were included.

Practical implications: The work suggests the possibility for the management to adopt a model of diagnosis of the health of businesses and the opportunities for financial institutions, to integrate the qualitative variables related to the territory and firm-territory relationship in their credit rating models. In a perspective of strategic control, default prediction models can serve as instruments of ex ante evaluation of business performance and of the first symptom of difficulty.

Originality of the paper: In literature there are a very few previous studies on the contribution of the aspects relating to the territory for the default prediction of enterprises.

References

ACS Z.J., ANSELIN L., VARGA A. (2002), “Patents and Innovation Counts as Measures of Regional Production of New Knowledge”, Research Policy, vol. 31, n. 7, pp. 1069-1085.

AHUJA G. (2000), “Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: a Longitudinal Study”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 45, n. 3, pp. 425-455.

ALESSANDRINI P., PRESBITERO A.F., ZAZZARO A. (2006), Banks, Distances and Financing Constraints for Firms, Quaderni di Discussione, Università Politecnica delle Marche.

ALESSANDRINI P., PRESBITERO A.F., ZAZZARO A. (2007), Bank Size or Distance: What Hampers Innovation Adoption by SMEs?, Università Politecnica delle Marche - Quaderni di Discussione.

ALTMAN E.I. (1968), “Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy”, The Journal of Finance, vol. 23, n. 4, pp. 589-609.

ALTMAN E.I. (1993), Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy (2nd ed.),Wiley, New York.

ALTMAN E.I., DANOVI A., FALINI A. (2013), “La Previsione dell’Insolvenza: l’Applicazione dello Z Score alle Imprese in Amministrazione Straordinaria”, Bancaria, 4/2013.

ALTMAN E. I., HALDEMAN R., NARAYANAN P. (1977), “Zeta Analysis”, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 1, n. 1, pp. 29-54.

ALTMAN E.I., MARCO G., VARETTO F. (1994), “Corporate Distress Diagnosis: Comparisons Using Linear Discriminant Analysis and Neural Networks (the Italian Experience),” Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 18, n. 3, pp. 505-529.

ALTMAN E.I., SABATO G. (2007), “Modeling Credit Risk for SMEs: Evidence from the US Market”, Abacus, vol. 43, n. 2, pp. 332-357.

ALTMAN E.I., SABATO G., WILSON N. (2011), “The Value of Non-Financial Information in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Risk Management”, The Journal of Credit Risk, vol. 6, n. 2, pp. 95-127.

ALTMAN E.I., SAUNDERS A. (1996), “Credit Risk Measurement: Development over the Last 20 Years”, Working Paper Series, New York University, New York, pp. 1-38.

ASHEIM B., COENEN L. (2005), “Knowledge Bases and Regional Innovation Systems: Comparing Nordic Clusters”, Research Policy, vol. 34, n. 8, pp. 1173-1190.

ASHEIM B.T., GERTLER M.S. (2005), “The Geography of Innovation: Regional Innovation Systems”, in Fagerberg J., Mowery D., Nelson R., (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

ASHEIM B., ISAKSEN A. (2002), “Regional Innovation Systems: The Integration of Local ’Sticky’ and Global ’Ubiquitous’ Knowledge”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol. 27, n. 1, pp. 77-86.

BACCARANI C., GOLINELLI G.M. (2011), “Per una rivisitazione delle relazioni tra impresa e territorio”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. VII-XIII.

BAFFIGI A., PAGNINI M., QUINTILIANI F. (2000), “Localismo bancario e distretti industriali: assetto dei mercati del credito e finanziamento degli investimenti”, in Signorini F.L. (a cura di), Lo sviluppo locale, Donzelli, Roma.

BARNES P. (1982), “Methodological Implications of Non-Normality Distributed Financial Ratios”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 51-62.

BECATTINI G. (1990), “The Marshallian Industrial District as a Socio-Economic Notion”, in Pyke F., Becattini G., Sengenberger W., (a cura di), Industrial Districts and Inter-firm Co-operation in Italy, ILO, Ginevra.

BEHR P., GÜTTLER A. (2007), “Credit Risk Assessment and Relationship Lending: An Empirical Analysis of German Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 45, n. 2, pp. 194-213.

BELLANDI M. (2009), “External Economies, Specific Public Goods and Policies”, in Becattini G., Bellandi M., De Propris L., (eds), A handbook of industrial districts, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

BELLOVARY J., GIACOMINO D., AKERS M. (2007), “A Review of Bankruptcy Prediction Studies:1930-Present”, Journal of Financial Education, vol. 33, (Winter 2007), pp. 1-42.

BELUSSI F., GOTTARDI G., RULLANI E. (2003), The Technological Evolution of Industrial Districts, Kluwer, Boston.

BELUSSI F., PILOTTI L. (2008), “Creazione, produzione, trasferimento di conoscenze nei SPL tra tacitness e codified knowledge in una prospettiva ecologica del valore”, in Centazzo R., Pasini F., (a cura di), I sistemi produttivi locali: evidenze empiriche e politiche di sviluppo, Franco Angeli, Milano.

BLANCO A., IRIMIA A., OLIVER M. D. (2012), “The Prediction of Bankruptcy of Small Firms in the UK using Logistic Regression”, Análisis Financiero, vol. 118, pp. 32-40.

BLUM M.P. (1974). “Failing Company Discriminant Analysis”, Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 12, n. 1, pp. 1-25.

BORTOLUZZI G., TRACOGNA A. (2011), “Processi di Innovazione e Fattori di Competitività nei Cluster Internazionali della Nautica”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. 89-118.

BOSCHMA R. (2005). “Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment”, Regional Studies, vol. 39, n. 1, pp. 61-74.

BOTTANI P., CIPRIANI L., SERAO F. (2004), “Il Modello di Analisi Z-Score Applicato alle PMI”, Amministrazione e Finanza, vol. 19, n. 1, pp. 50-53.

BOTTINELLI L., PAVIONE E. (2010), Distretti Industriali e Cluster Tecnologici: Strategie Emergenti di Valorizzazione della Ricerca e dell’innovazione, Giuffrè, Milano.

BOZEMAN B. (2000). “Technology Transfer and Public Policy: A Review of Research and Theory”, Research Policy, vol. 29, n. 4-5, pp. 627-655.

BRABAZON A., KEENAN P. B. (2004), “A Hybrid Genetic Model for the Prediction of Corporate Failure”, Computational Management Science, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 293-310.

BRADY K.O. (2002), “Corporate Reputation and Sustainability: Creating Value by Unifying Two Disciplines”, Ethical Corporation Magazine, n. 9, pp. 26-27.

BRUSCO S. (1982), “The Emilian Model: productive Decentralisation and Social Integration”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 6, n. 2, pp. 167-184.

BRYMAN A. (1988), Quantity and Quality in Social Research, Unwin Hyman, London.

BUESA M., HEIJS J., BAUMERT T. (2010), “The Determinants of Regional Innovation in Europe: A Combined Factorial and Regression Knowledge Production Function Approach”, Research Policy, vol. 39, n. 6, pp. 722-735.

CAIROLI M.G. (2011), Il marketing territoriale. Strategie per la competitività sostenibile del TERRITORIO, Franco Angeli, Milano.

CAMUFFO A., GRANDINETTI R. (2006), “I distretti industriali come sistemi locali di innovazione”, Sinergie, n. 69, pp. 33-60.

CARNÀ R., GIANNINI A. (2007), “Un’applicazione del Modello di Altman alle Aziende Farmaceutiche”, Rivista Italiana di Ragioneria e di Economia Aziendale, vol. 107, n. 9/10, pp. 535-553.

CERVED GROUP (2014), Osservatorio su fallimenti, procedure e chiusure di imprese, Dicembre 2014.

CHIAVERSIO M., MICELLI S. (2007), “Oltre il distretto come sistema: le strategie delle imprese fra locale e globale”, in Guelpa F., Miceli S., I distretti industriali del terzo millennio, Il Mulino, Bologna.

CIAMPI F. (2015), “Corporate Governance Characteristics and Default Prediction Modeling for Small Enterprises. An Empirical Analysis of Italian Firms”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 68, n. 5, pp. 1012-1025.

CIAMPI F., GORDINI N. (2009), “Default Prediction Modeling for Small Enterprises: Evidence from Small Manufacturing Firms in Northern and Central Italy”, Oxford Journal, vol. 8, n. 1, pp. 13-29.

CIAMPI F., GORDINI N. (2012), “Managerial Characteristics and Default Prediction Modeling for Small Firms: Evidence from Small Italian Firms”, Atti del XXXV Convegno Annuale AIDEA, Salerno.

CIAMPI F., GORDINI N. (2013 a), “Small Enterprise Default Prediction Modeling through Artificial Neural Networks: An Empirical Analysis of Italian Small Enterprises”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 51, n. 1, pp. 23-45.

CIAMPI F., GORDINI N. (2013 b), “The Potential of Corporate Governance Variables for Small Enterprise Default Prediction Modelling. Statistical Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Firms. Preliminary Findings”, Proceedings of the 2013 Cambridge Business & Economics Conference, 2-3 July, Cambridge, UK.

CIAMPI F., GORDINI N. (2013c), “Relazione Impresa-Territorio e Modelli Predittivi del Default d’Impresa. Primi Risultati di una Analisi Statistica sulle Piccole Imprese Italiane,” Sinergie, n. 90, pp. 51-76.

COOKE P. (2001), “Regional Innovation Systems, Clusters and the Knowledge Economy”, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 10, n. 4, pp. 945-973.

COOKE P., MORGAN K. (1998), The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions and Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

COOKE P., URANGA M.G., ETXEBARRIA G. (1997), “Regional Innovation Systems: Institutional and Organizational Dimensions”, Research Policy, vol. 26, n. 4-5, pp. 475-491.

CORBETTA P. (1999), Metodologia e Tecniche della Ricerca Aziendale, Il Mulino, Bologna.

CORÒ G., MICELLI S. (2006), I Nuovi Distretti produttivi. Innovazione, internazionalizzazione e competitività dei territori, Marsilio, Venezia.

CROUHY M., GALAI D., MARK R. (2001), “Prototype Risk Rating System”, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 25, n. 1, pp. 47-95.

DAGNINO G.B., D’ALLURA G.M., FARACI R., PISANO V. (2011), “La Localizzazione Dei Processi Innovativi Ad Alto Contenuto Tecnologico: il ruolo delle imprese “àncora” fra sistemi locali e network globali”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. 179-207.

DEAKIN E.B. (1972), “A Discriminant Analysis of Predictors of Business Failure”, Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 10, n. 1, pp. 167-180.

DENICOLAI S., CIOCCARELLI G., ZUCCHELLA A. (2010), “Reputation, Trust and Relational Centrality in Local Networks: An Evolutionary Geography Perspective”, in Boschma R., Martin R., (eds), Handbook on evolutionary economic geography, Edward Elgar, UK.

DOLOREUX D., PARTO S. (2005), “Regional Innovation Systems: Current Discourse and Unresolved Issues”, Technology in Society, vol. 27, n. 2, pp. 133-153.

EDMISTER R. (1972), “An Empirical Test of Financial Ratio Analysis for Small Business Failure Prediction”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 7, n. 2, pp. 1477-1493.

ELY J., VALIMAKI J. (2002), “Bad Reputation”, NAJ Economics, vol. 4, n. 5, pp. 1-24.

ESPAHBODI H., ESPAHBODI P., PEEK G. (1998), “Classification Procedures and Prediction of Failure/Distress”, Advances in Financial Planning and Forecasting, 8, Jai Press, NY.

FABBRIS L. (1997), Statistica Multivariata. Analisi Esplorativa dei Dati, McGraw-Hill, Milano.

FATTORE G. (2005), Metodi di Ricerca in Economia Aziendale, EGEA, Milano.

FERGUSON T.D., DEEPHOUSE D.L., FERGUSON W.L. (2000), “Do Strategic Groups Differ in Reputation?”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 21, n. 12, pp. 1195-1214.

FORMISANO V., RUSSO G. (2012), “Il Ruolo degli Intangibles nei Modelli di Rating”, Sinergie Rapporti di Ricerca, n. 36, Novembre, pp. 361-432.

GABBIANELLI L. (2013). “I modelli di gestione anticipata delle crisi: la previsione delle insolvenze,” in Pencarelli T., Le crisi d’impresa. Diagnosi, previsione e procedure di risanamento, Franco Angeli, Milano.

GABBIANELLI L., GORDINI N. (2015), “Modelli Predittivi del Default di Impresa e Radicamento Territoriale. Evidenze da un Campione di Piccole e Medie Imprese Marchigiane”, Conference Proceedings del 4° Workshop - I Processi Innovativi nelle Piccole Imprese: Re-Positioning of SMEs in the Global Value System, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Urbino, 24-25 Settembre 2015.

GERINGER J.M., TALLMAN S., OLSEN D. M. (2000), “Product and International Diversification among Japanese Multinational Firms”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 51-80.

GIARDINO R., GRASSO A., PATTARIN F. (2010). “Rischio di Insolvenza e Congiuntura Economica nell’industria della Provincia di Modena,” in Bisoni C., Finanza e Credito per le Imprese del Territorio, Il Mulino, Bologna.

GIBILARO L., PIATTI D. (2012), “Il Ruolo delle Variabili Hard Finanziarie e non Finanziarie nella Business Failure Prediction”, Sinergie Rapporti di Ricerca, n. 36, Novembre, pp. 135-184.

GOLINELLI C.M. (2002), Il territorio sistema vitale. Verso un modello di analisi, Giappichelli, Torino.

GOLINELLI G.M. (2012), Presentazione, in “Il rating tra impresa, banca e territorio”, Sinergie Rapporto di Ricerca, n. 36, Novembre, pp. 7-9.

GORDINI N. (2014), “A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Smes Bankruptcy Prediction: empirical Evidence from Italy”, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 41, n. 14, pp. 6433-6445.

HUNDLEY G., JACOBSON C. (1998), “The Effects of Keiretsu on Export Performance of Japanese Companies: Help or Hindrance?”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 19, n. 10, pp. 927-937.

JIMENEZ G., SALAS V., SAURINA J. (2009), “Organizational Distance and Use of Collateral For Business Loans”, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 33, n. 2, pp. 234-243.

JUDGE G.G., HILL R.C., GRIFFITHS W.E., LUTKEPOHL H., LEE T. (1987), Theory and practice of econometrics, Second edition, Wiley, New York.

KARELS G.V., PRAKASH A.J. (1987), “Multivariate Normality and Forecasting of Business Bankruptcy”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 573-593.

KRUGMAN P. (1991), Geography and Trade, MIT Press, Cambridge.

KRUGMAN P. (1995), Development, Geography and Economic Theory, MIT Press Cambridge.

LIBERTI J.M., MIAN A. (2009), Estimating the Effect of Hierarchies on Information Use, Review of Financial Studies, vol. 22, n. 10, pp. 4057-4090.

LUGARESI S., ROTONDI Z. (2007), “Internazionalizzazione e finanziamento dei distretti industriali”, Economia Italiana, n. 1, pp. 105-125.

LUSSIER R. (1995), “A Non Financial Business Success versus Failure Prediction Model for Young Firms”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 33, n. 1, pp. 8-20.

MELE R. (2011), “Enti locali e valorizzazione dell’imprenditorialità innovative”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. 119-122.

MICELLI S., CHIARVESIO M. (2003), “Processi di internazionalizzazione e strategie delle imprese distrettuali tra delocalizzazione e innovazione”, Conferenza ICE: Internazionalizzazione e frammentazione della produzione dei distretti industriali, Roma.

MODINA M., PIETROVITO F. (2014), “A Default Prediction Model for Italian Smes: the Relevance of the Capital Structure”, Applied Financial Economics, vol. 24, n. 23, pp. 1537-1554.

MONTGOMERY D.C., PECK E.A. (1992), Introduction to linear regression analysis, Wiley, New York.

MUSTILLI M., CAMPANELLA F., SORRENTINO F. (2011), “La valutazione delle performance innovative dei sistemi locali di innovazione: il caso dell’aerospazio e dei nuovi materiali in Campania”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. 209-229.

NOOTEBOOM B. (2002), Trust: Forms, Foundations, Functions, Failures and Figures, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA.

OHLSON J.A. (1980), “Financial Ratios and the Probabilistic Prediction of Bankruptcy”, Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 109-131.

PENCARELLI T. (2010), Marketing e management del turismo, Edizioni Goliardiche, Trieste.

PENCARELLI T. (2013), Le crisi d’impresa. Diagnosi, previsione e procedure di risanamento, Franco Angeli, Milano.

PICCOLO D. (1998), Statistica, Il Mulino, Bologna.

PINDALO J., RODRIGUEZ L. F. (2004), “Parsimonious Models of Financial Insolvency in Small Companies”, Small Business Economics, n. 22, pp. 51-66.

PIORE M., SABEL C. (1984), The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity, Basic books, New York.

PORTER M.E. (1998), “Clusters and the New Economics in Competition”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 76, n. 6, pp. 77-90.

PUTNAM R. (1993), “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life”, American Prospect, vol. 4, n. 13, pp. 35-42.

QUADRIO CURZIO A., FORTIS M. (2002), Complessità e distretti industriali. Dinamiche, modelli, casi reali, Il Mulino, Bologna.

ROBERTSON P.L., JACOBSON D., LANGLOIS R.N. (2009), “Innovation Processes and Industrial Districts”, in Becattini G., Bellandi M., De Propris L., (eds), A Handbook of Industrial Districts, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

ROTONDI Z. (2005), “Banche, finanziamento dello sviluppo e dell’innovazione e internazionalizzazione”, in Bracchi G., Masciandaro D. (a cura di), Decimo Rapporto SFI. Le banche Italiane e la finanza per lo sviluppo: territori, imprese e famiglie, Edibank-Bancaria Editrice, Milano.

RULLANI E. (2003), “I distretti industriali al tempo dell’economia globale”, Impresa e Stato, n. 63-64, pp. 80-83.

RULLANI E. (2006), “L’internazionalizzazione invisibile. La nuova geografia dei distretti e delle filiere produttive”, Sinergie, n. 69, pp. 3-32.

SANTONI S., ZANNI L. (2011), “Comportamenti di ricerca e innovazione nei distretti industriali: gli attori del cambiamento e l’accesso a “conoscenze distanti”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. 231-256.

SCHUMPETER J. A. (2001), Capitalismo, socialismo e democrazia, ETAS, Milano.

TODTLING F., TRIPPL M. (2005), “One Size Fits All? Towards a Differentiated Regional Innovation Policy Approach”, Research Policy, vol. 34, n. 8, pp. 1203-1219.

UGHETTO E. (2006), “Territorial Proximity and Credit Constraints to Innovation: Evidence from Italian Firms”, in Bracchi G., Masciandaro D., (a cura di), Undicesimo Rapporto SFI. Banche e geografia: nuove mappe produttive e metamorfosi del credito, Edibank-Bancaria Editrice, Milano.

VALLINI C., CIAMPI F., GORDINI N. (2009), “Using Artificial Networks Analysis for Small Entreprise Default Prediction Modeling: Statistical Evidence from Italian Firms”, 2009 Oxford Business and Economics Conference Proceeding, Association for Business and Economics Research (ABER), pp. 1-26.

VALLINI C., CIAMPI F., GORDINI N., BENVENUTI M. (2008), “Can Credit Scoring Models Effectively Predict Small Enterprise Default? Statistical Evidence from Italian Firms”, Proceeding Of The 8th Global Conference on Business and Economics, Association for Business and Economics Research (ABER), pp. 1-23.

VALLINI C., CIAMPI F., GORDINI N., BENVENUTI M. (2009), “Are Credit Scoring Models Able to Predict Small Enterprise Default? Statistical Evidence from Italian Firms”, International Journal of Business and Economics, vol. 8, n. 1, pp. 3-18.

VARALDO R. (2006), “Il nuovo modello competitivo aziendale dei distretti industriali”, Economia e Politica Industriale, n. 1, pp. 25-42.

VELO D. (2011), “La varietà dei sistemi locali per l’innovazione emergente in Europa”, Sinergie, n. 84, pp. 5-20.

YAP B.C., YONG D.G., POON W. (2010), “How Well Do Financial Ratios And Multiple Discriminant Analysis Predict Company Failures In Malaysia”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, vol. 54, n. 13, pp. 166-175.

Downloads

Published

2016-12-22