The contribution of systems and service research to rethinking higher education programs: a T-shaped model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s104.2017.03Keywords:
Education models, multi- and trans-disciplinary knowledge, systems thinking, service research, T-Shaped professionalsAbstract
Purpose of the paper: Building upon the advancements in knowledge proposed by the research stream about the “T-shaped professional”, the paper aims to investigate the opportunities and key factors of rethinking traditional education models and programs by exploring the contribution of service research in the field of education through the interpretative lens of systems thinking.
Methodology: The paper traces a wide conceptual framework rooted in systems thinking and service research with the intent of highlighting the contribution of a T-shaped view in higher education programs. The proposed conceptual arguments are then tested through the analysis of the Master’s Degree program in Service Science, Management and Engineering (SSME) of the Masaryk University in Brno (Czech Republic).
Results: The paper proposes basic arguments for the development of a T-shaped model in higher education programs and empirical evidence concerning the possibility of implementing an effective T-shaped approach based on systems thinking in order to rethink higher education programs.
Practical implications: The paper provides a path to combine traditional hyper-specialized knowledge with more dynamic and cross-sectional capabilities in higher education programs.
Originality of the paper: A wide perspective about the “T-shaped professionals” as a possible reference model in which vertical expertise is combined with horizontal capabilities and cross-sectional knowledge is proposed in the light of Systems Thinking and Service Research.
References
ALCHIAN A.A., DEMSETZ H. (1972), “Production, information costs, and economic organization”, The American Economic Review, vol. 62, n. 5, pp. 777-795.
ALLEE V. (1997), The knowledge evolution: Expanding organizational intelligence, Routledge, London.
BAIRD L., MESHOULAM I. (1988), “Managing two fits of strategic human resource management”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 13, n. 1, pp. 116-128.
BANATHY B.H. (1991), Systems Design of Education: A Journey to Create the Future, Englewood Cliffs, Educational Technology Publications, N.J.
BARILE S. (2009, July), “The dynamic of informative varieties in the processes of decision making”, in The 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Generation, Communication and Management, Orlando, Florida.
BARILE S., CARRUBBO L., IANDOLO F., CAPUTO F. (2013), “From ‘EGO’ to ‘ECO’ in B2B relationships”, Journal of Business Market Management, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 228-253.
BARILE S., FRANCO G., NOTA G., SAVIANO M. (2012), “Structure and dynamics of a “T-Shaped” knowledge: From individuals to cooperating communities of practice”, Service Science, vol. 4, n. 2, pp. 161-180.
BARILE S., PELS J., POLESE F., SAVIANO M. (2012), “An introduction to the viable systems approach and its contribution to marketing”, Journal of Business Market Management, vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 54-78.
BARILE S., POLESE F. (2010), “Smart service systems and viable service systems: applying systems theory to service science”, Service Science, vol. 2, n. 1-2, pp. 21-40.
BARILE S., SAVIANO M. (2010), “A new perspective of systems complexity in service science”, Impresa, Ambiente, Management, vol. 4, n. 3, pp. 375-414.
BARILE S., SAVIANO M. (2011), “Foundations of systems thinking: the structure-system paradigm”, in Various Authors, Contributions to Theoretical and Practical Advances in Management. A Viable Systems Approach (VSA), Avellino, International Printing, (pp. 1-24),
BARILE S., SAVIANO M. (2013), “Dynamic Capabilities and T-Shaped Knowledge: A Viable Systems Approach”, in Barile S. (Ed.), Contributions to Theoretical and Practical Advances in Management. A Viable Systems Approach (VSA), Roma, Aracne (pp. 39-59).
BARILE S., SAVIANO M. (2017), “Complexity and Sustainability In Management: Insights From A Systems Perspective”, in Barile S., Pellicano M., Polese F. (Eds), Social dynamics in a systems perspective, New Economic Windows Book Series, pp. 39-63, Springer International Publishing.
BARILE S., SAVIANO M., POLESE F., CAPUTO F. (2015a), “T-Shaped People for addressing the Global Challenge of Sustainability”, in Gummesson E., Mele C., Polese F. (Eds), Service Dominant Logic, Network and Systems Theory and Service Science: Integrating three Perspectives for a New Service Agenda, Giannini, Napoli, (pp. 1-23).
BARILE S., SAVIANO M., SIMONE C. (2015b), “Service economy, knowledge, and the need for T-shaped innovators”, World Wide Web, vol. 18, n. 4, pp. 1177-1197.
BARILE S., SAVIANO M., CAPUTO F. (2015c), “How Are Markets Changing? The Emergence of Consumers Market Systems. In 3rd International Symposium Advances in Business Management”, in Towards Systemic Approach, University of Perugia, 21-23 January.
BEER S. (1985), Diagnosing the system for organizations, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, United States.
BLOOM B.S. (Ed), ENGELHART M.D., FURST E.J., HILL W.H., KRATHWOHL D.R. (1956), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain, David McKay Co Inc., New York.
BOHM D. (1980), Wholeness and the Implicate Order, Routledge, London.
BOYATZIS R.E. (2006), “An overview of intentional change from a complexity perspective”, Journal of Management Development, vol. 25, n. 7, pp. 607-623.
BROWN S.W. (1991), Service quality: Multidisciplinary and multinational perspectives, Lexington Books, London.
BURNES B. (2004), Managing change: a strategic approach to organisational dynamics, Pearson Education, New York.
CALABRESE M., IANDOLO F., ANTONUCCI E., CAPUTO F. (2013), “Towards a value co-creation based Healthcare System”, in Gummesson E., Mele C., Polese F. (Eds), Service Dominant logic, Network and Systems Theory and Service Science: integrating three perspectives for a new service agenda, Napoli, Giannini (pp. 1-22).
CAPRA F. (1996), The web of life: a new scientific understanding of living systems, Anchor, London.
CAPUTO F., DEL GIUDICE M., EVANGELISTA F., RUSSO G. (2016), “Corporate disclosure and intellectual capital. The light side of information asymmetry”, International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, vol. 8, n. 1, pp. 75-96.
CHECKLAND P. (1999), Systems Thinking. Rethinking management information systems: an interdisciplinary perspective, Oxford University Press., Oxford.
COATES D. (2012), “A Network of Networks: The Case of the UK Technology Strategy Board”, in MacGregor S.P., Carleton T. (Eds), Sustaining Innovation, Springer, New York, (pp. 125-140).
COYLE E.J., JAMIESON L.H., OAKES W.C. (2006), “Integrating engineering education and community service: Themes for the future of engineering education”, Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 95, n. 1, pp. 7-19.
DELANDA M. (2006), A new philosophy of society: Assemblage theory and social complexity, AandC Black, New York.
DEL GIUDICE M., CAPUTO F., EVANGELISTA F. (2016), “How are decision systems changing? The contribution of Social Media to the management decisional liquefaction”, Journal of Decision Systems, vol. 25 n. 3, pp. 214-226.
DI NAUTA P., MEROLA B., CAPUTO F., EVANGELISTA F. (2015), “Reflections on the Role of University to Face the Challenges of Knowledge Society for the Local Economic Development”, Journal of Knowledge Economy, pp. 1-19, DOI 10.1007/s13132-015-0333-9.
DONOFRIO N., SANCHEZ C., SPOHRER J. (2010), “Collaborative innovation and service systems”, in Grasso D., Brown Burkins M. (Eds), Holistic Engineering Education, Springer, New York, (pp. 243-269).
DOYLE P., SAUNDERS J. (1985), “Market segmentation and positioning in specialized industrial markets”, The Journal of Marketing, vol. 49, n. 2, pp. 24-32.
ELMQUIST L., JOHANSSON G. (2011), “An approach to foster integrative skills during the engineering studies”, in 7th International CDIO Conference, 20-23 June, 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.
ENDERS J., DE WEERT E. (2009), “Towards a T-shaped profession: Academic work and career in the knowledge society”, in Enders J., de Weert E. (Eds), The changing face of academic life, Palgrave Macmillan, London.(pp. 251-272).
ESPEJO R. (1994), “What is systemic thinking?”, System Dynamics Review, vol. 10, n. 2‐3, pp. 199-212.
EVANGELISTA F., CAPUTO F., RUSSO G., BUHNOVA B. (2016), “Voluntary corporate disclosure in the Era of Social Media”, in 4rd International Symposium Advances in Business Management. “Towards Systemic Approach”, Mikolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lituania, 24-26 August.
EYLON B.S., LINN M.C. (1988), “Learning and instruction: An examination of four research perspectives in science education”, Review of Educational Research, vol. 58, n. 3, pp. 251-301.
FISK R.P., GROVE S.J. (2010), The Evolution and Future of Service. In Maglio, P.P., Kieliszewski C.A., Spohrer J.C. (Eds), Handbook of Service Science, Springer, New York, (pp. 643-663).
FOROPON C., SEIPLE R., KERBACHE L. (2013), “Using servqual to examine service quality in the classroom: analyses of undergraduate and executive education operations management courses”, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 8, n. 20, pp. 105-121.
GIDDINGS B., HOPWOOD B., O’BRIEN G. (2002), “Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development”, Sustainable Development, vol. 10, n. 4, pp. 187-196.
GLUSHKO R.J. (2008), “Designing a service science discipline with discipline”, IBM systems journal, vol. 47, n. 1, pp. 15-27.
GOLINELLI G.M. (2010), Viable systems approach (VSA): Governing business dynamics, Cedam, Padova.
GOLINELLI G.M., BARILE S., SAVIANO M., POLESE F. (2012), “Perspective Shifts in Marketing: Toward a Paradigm Change?”, Service Science, vol. 4, n. 2, pp. 121-134.
GUEST D. (1991), “The hunt is on for the Renaissance Man of computing”, The Independent (London), September 17.
GUMMESSON E. (1991), “Service quality: a holistic view”, in Brown S.W. (Ed.), Service quality: Multidisciplinary and multinational perspectives, Lexington Books, London, (pp. 3-22).
GUPTA A.K., SINGHAL A. (1993), “Managing human resources for innovation and creativity”, Research Technology Management, vol. 36, n. 3, pp. 41-60.
HANSEN M.T., VON OETINGER B. (2001), “Introducing T-shaped managers. Knowledge management's next generation”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, n. 3, pp. 106-16.
HEFLEY B., MURPHY W. (Eds.), (2008), Service science, management and engineering: education for the 21st century, Science and Business Media, Springer, New York.
HILL F.M. (1995), “Managing service quality in higher education: the role of the student as primary consumer”, Quality Assurance in Education, vol. 3, n. 3, pp. 10-21.
HOLLING C.S. (2001), “Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems”, Ecosystems, vol. 4, n. 5, pp. 390-405.
JACKSON S.E., SCHULER R.S. (1995), “Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments”, in Poole M. (Ed.), Human Resource Management: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Taylor and Francis, London, (pp. 45-74).
KAKABADSE N.K., KAKABADSE A., KOUZMIN A. (2003), “Reviewing the knowledge management literature: towards a taxonomy”, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 7, n. 4, pp. 75-91.
KARJALAINEN T.M., SALIMÄKI M. (2008, April), “Do offerings meet expectations? Educating T-shaped professionals in strategic design management”, in Proceedings from International DMI Education Conference Design Thinking: New Challenges for Designers, Managers and Organizations.
KIM D.H. (1995), Systems thinking tools, Pegasus, Cambridge.
KLINE S.J. (1995), Conceptual foundations for multidisciplinary thinking, Stanford University Press., Redwood City.
KUHN T.S. (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press., Chicago.
LAWRENCE R.J. (2015), “Advances in transdisciplinarity: Epistemologies, methodologies and processes”, Futures, vol. 65, n. 65, pp. 1-9.
LAWSON H.A. (2004), “The logic of collaboration in education and the human services”, Journal of Interprofessional Care, vol. 18, n. 3, pp. 225-237.
LAWSON H., BRIAR-LAWAON K. (1997), Connecting the dots: Integrating school reform, school-linked services, parent involvement and community schools, Oxford, OH: The Danforth Foundation and The Institute for Educational Renewal at Miami University
LEPAK D.P., SNELL S.A. (1999), “The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 24, n. 1, pp. 31-48.
LOVELOCK J.E. (1972), “Gaia as seen through the atmosphere”, Atmospheric Environment, vol. 6, n. 8, pp. 579-580.
LUSCH R.F., VARGO S.L. (2014), The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions, Routledge, London.
LUSCH R.F., VARGO S.L., GUSTAFSSON A. (2016), “Fostering a trans-disciplinary perspectives of service ecosystems”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 69, n. 8, pp. 2957-2963.
MACHLUP F., LEESON K. (1979), Information through the printed word: the dissemination of scholarly, scientific, and intellectual knowledge, Praeger Publishers Inc., London.
MALECKI E.J. (1997), “Technology and economic development: the dynamics of local, regional, and national change”, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.
MCMILLAN E. (2008), Complexity, management and the dynamics of change: Challenges for practice, Routledge, London.
MELE C., PELS J., POLESE F. (2010), “A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications”, Service Science, vol. 2, n. 1-2, pp. 126-135.
METCALFE A. (Ed.), (2005), Knowledge Management and Higher Education: A Critical Analysis: A Critical Analysis, IGI Global, New York.
MILES R.E., SNOW C.C. (1984), “Designing strategic human resources systems”, Organizational dynamics, vol. 13, n. 1, pp. 36-52.
NG I.C., FORBES J. (2009), “Education as service: The understanding of university experience through the service logic”, Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, vol. 19, n. 1, pp. 38-64.
NG I., MAULL R., SMITH L. (2011), “Embedding the new discipline of service science”, in Demirkan H., Spohrer J.C., Krishna V. (Eds), The science of service systems, Springer, New York, (pp. 13-35).
NOOTEBOOM B. (2006), “Cognitive distance in and between COP’s and firms: where do exploitation and exploration take place, and how are they connected?”, CentER Disussion Paper Series, (2007-04).
PARR J. (2010), Sensing changes: technologies, environments, and the everyday, 1953-2003, UBC Press, London.
PERKINS D.N. (1993), “Person-plus: A distributed view of thinking and learning”, in Salomon G. (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 88-110), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
PFEFFER J., SALANCIK G.R. (2003), The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective, Stanford University Press., Redwood City.
POLESE F., CAPUTO F., CARRUBBO L., SARNO D. (2016), “The value (co)creation as peak of social pyramid”, in Russo-Spena T., Mele C. (eds.), Proceedings 26th Annual RESER Conference, “What’s ahead in service research: new perspectives for business and society” (pp. 1232-1248). RESER, University of Naples “Federico II”.
PORTER M.E. (1990), “The competitive advantage of notions”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, n. 2, pp. 73-93.
RAVALD A., GRÖNROOS C. (1996), “The value concept and relationship marketing”, European journal of marketing, vol. 30, n. 2, pp. 19-30.
RUST R.T., MOORMAN C., BHALLA G. (2010), “Rethinking marketing”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 88, n. 1/2, pp. 94-101.
SALLIS E. (2014), Total quality management in education, Routledge, London.
SAVIANO M. (2015), pp. “Multi-actor Co-creation Systems for Progressing Toward Sustainability: Criticalities and Challenges”, in 5th International Conference on Sustainability Science (ICSSS), Tokyo.
SAVIANO M., BARILE S., CAPUTO F. (2017a), Re-affirming the need for systems thinking in social sciences: A viable systems view of smart city. In Vrontis S., Weber T., Tsoukatos E. (Eds.), Global and national business theories and practice: bridging the past with the future, EuroMed Press, Cyprus (pp. 1552-1567).
SAVIANO M., CAPUTO F. (2012), “Le scelte manageriali tra sistemi, conoscenza e vitalità”, in Management senza confini. Gli studi di management: tradizione e paradigmi emergenti, XXXV Convegno annuale AIDEA, University of Salerno, 4-5 October, pp. 1-21.
SAVIANO M., CAPUTO F. (2013), “Managerial choices between Systems, Knowledge and Viability”, in Barile S. (Ed.), Contributions to theoretical and practical advances in management. A Viable Systems Approach (VSA), Aracne Roma, (pp. 219-242).
SAVIANO M., CAPUTO F., FORMISANO V., WALLETZKÝ L. (2016), “From theory to practice: applying systems thinking to Smart Cities”, in Caputo F. (Ed.), The 4rd International Symposium Advances in Business Management. “Towards Systemic Approach” (pp. 35-40). Business Systems. E-book series: Avellino.
SAVIANO M., PARIDA R., CAPUTO F., DATTA S.K. (2014), “Health care as a worldwide concern. Insights on the Italian and Indian health care systems and PPPs from a VSA perspective”, EuroMed Journal of Business, vol. 9, n. 2, pp. 198-220.
SAVIANO M., BARILE S., SPOHRER J., CAPUTO F. (2017b), “A Service Research Contribution to the Global Challenge of Sustainability”, Journal of Service Theory and Practice, vol. 27, n. 5, pp. 951-976, https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-10-2015-0228.
SAVORY A., BUTTERFIELD J. (1998), Holistic management: a new framework for decision making, Island Press., Washington.
SCHNEIDER B., BOWEN D.E. (1993), “The service organization: Human resources management is crucial”, Organizational Dynamics, vol. 21, n. 4, pp. 39-52.
SCHULER R.S. (1992), “Strategic human resources management: Linking the people with the strategic needs of the business”, Organizational Dynamics, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 18-32.
SENGE P.M., ROBERTS C., ROSS R.B., SMITH B.J., KLEINER A. (1994), The fifth discipline fieldbook, Bantam Doubleday Dell, New York.
SHIVA V. (1987), “The violence of reductionist science”, Alternatives, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 243-260.
SPOHRER J.C. (2006), “Services Sciences, Management, and Engineering (SSME): An Emerging Multidiscipline”, in Proceedings of the Frontiers in Service Conference.
SPOHRER J.C., MAGLIO P.P. (2010), “Toward a science of service systems”, in Maglio P.P., Kieliszewski C.A., Spohrer J.C. (Eds), Handbook of service science, Springer, New York (pp. 157-194),
SPOHRER J., ANDERSON L., PASS N., AGER T. (2008), “Service science and SD logic”, in Proceedings of the Otago Forum, Univeristy of Otago, pp. 214-237.
SPOHRER J., GOLINELLI G.M., PICIOCCHI P., BASSANO C. (2010), “An integrated SS-VSA analysis of changing job roles”, Service Science, vol. 2, n. 1-2, pp. 1-20.
STACEY R.D. (2001), Complex responsive processes in organizations: Learning and knowledge creation, Psychology Press, London.
TICHY N.M., DEVANNA M.A. (1986), The transformational leader, Wiley, New York.
TORRACO R.J., SWANSON R.A. (1995), “The strategic roles of human resource development”, People and Strategy, vol. 18, n. 4, pp. 10-16.
ULRICH D. (1997), “Measuring human resources: an overview of practice and a prescription for results”, Human Resource Management, vol. 36, n. 3, pp. 303-320.
VAN DER VEGT G.S., BUNDERSON J.S. (2005), “Learning and performance in multidisciplinary teams: The importance of collective team id entification”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 48, n. 3, pp. 532-547.
VARGO S.L., MAGLIO P.P., AKAKA M. A. (2008), “On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective”, European Management Journal, vol. 26, n. 3, pp. 145-152.
VON BERTALANFFY L. (1971), General System Theory, Foundations Development Applications, Braziller, New York.
WALLETZKÝ L. (2013), “Is it possible to teach Service Science?”, in Gummesson E., Mele C., Polese F. (Eds.), Service Dominant Logic, Network and Systems Theory and Service Science: Integrating three Perspectives for a New Service Agenda, Giannini, Napoli.
WALLETZKÝ L. (2014), “Education as service system”, in INTED2014 Proceedings, IATED.
WAGNER C.S., ROESSNER J.D., BOBB K., KLEIN J.T., BOYACK K.W., KEYTON J., BÖRNER K. (2011), “Approaches to understanding and measuring interdisciplinary scientific research (IDR): A review of the literature”, Journal of Informetrics, vol. 5, n. 1, pp. 14-26.
WICKLEIN R.C., SCHELL J.W. (1995), “Case studies of multidisciplinary approaches to integrating mathematics, science, and technology education”, Journal of Technological Education, vol. 6, n. 2, doi:10.21061/jte.v6i2.a.5.
YANG J. (2010), “The knowledge management strategy and its effect on firm performance: A contingency analysis”, International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 125, n. 2, pp. 215-223.