Turismo crocieristico e percezioni della popolazione residente: i risultati di un’analisi cluster (Cruise tourism and perceptions of the resident population: the results of a cluster analysis)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s104.2017.07Keywords:
cruise tourism, community-based tourism, socio-demographic characteristics, Mediterranean area, SardiniaAbstract
Purpose of the paper: This study profiles a sample of residents in Cagliari based on their perceptions toward the impacts of cruise activity, and investigates whether significant differences among clusters exist based on socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.
Methodology: This study applies a factor-cluster analysis approach to profile a stratified sample (district of residence, age and gender) of 1,034 residents in the city of Cagliari.
Findings: Five clusters of residents were identified, namely: “indifferents”, “critics”, “cautious”, “supporters” and “cultural lovers”. Findings show that there are significant differences between the five clusters, based solely on level of education, occupation and geographical proximity to tourist areas.
Research limitations: This study is highly site specific, thus rendering the findings hardly generalizable. Further, it does not investigate the role that other intrinsic factors and psychographic variables may exert in discriminating residents’ perceptions.
Pratical implications: This study provides useful information for destination marketers and policymakers attempting to plan and implement internal marketing strategies aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the messages they deliver with the aim of highlighting the beneficial balance between positive and negative impacts of cruise tourism in the city.
Originality of the paper: Recently academic literature has started to devote attention to analyse residents’ perceptions toward cruise development. Despite this, little attention has been devoted to cruise tourism destinations in the Mediterranean area, and even less in Italy. Further, to the best of our knowledge none of existing studies have been carried out considering an area sample.
References
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BALLANTINE J.L., EAGLES P.F. (1994), “Defining Canadian ecotourists”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 2, n. 2, pp. 210-214.
BELISLE F.J., HOY D.R. (1980), “The perceived impact of tourism by residents: A case study in Santa Maria, Columbia”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 12, n. 1, pp. 83-101.
BESCULIDES A., LEE M., MCCORMICK P. (2002), “Residents’ perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, n. 2, pp. 303-319.
BRIDA J.G., ZAPATA S. (2010), “Cruise tourism: Economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts”, International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 205-226.
BRIDA J.G., DEL CHIAPPA G., MELEDDU M., PULINA M. (2012a), “The perceptions of an island community towards cruise tourism: A factor analysis”, Tourism, vol. 60, n. 1, pp. 29-42.
BRIDA J.G., DEL CHIAPPA G., MELEDDU M., PULINA M. (2012b), “A comparison of residents’ perceptions in two cruise ports in the Mediterranean Sea”, International Journal of Tourism Research, doi: 10.1002/jtr.1915.
BRIDA J.G., RIAÑO E., ZAPATA-AGUIRRE S. (2011), “Residents’ attitudes and perceptions towards cruise tourism development: A case study of Cartage de Indias (Colombia)”, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 11, n. 3, pp. 187-202.
BRIDA J., OSTI L., BARQUET A. (2010), “Segmenting resident perceptions towards tourism - a cluster analysis with a multinomial logit model of a mountain community”, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 12, n. 5, pp. 591-602.
BROUGHAM J., BUTLER R. (1981), “A segmentation analysis of resident attitudes to the social impact of tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 7, n. 4, pp. 569-590.
BUTLER R.W. (1980), “The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for management resources”, The Canadian Geographer, vol. 24, n. 1, pp. 5-16.
CASARIN F. (2007), Il marketing dei prodotti turistici. Specificità e varietà, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino.
CASTILLO-MANZANO J.I., LOPEZ-VALPUESTA L., ALANIS F.J. (2014), “Tourism managers’ view of the economic impact of cruise traffic: The case of southern Spain”, Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.907776
CHEN C.F., CHEN P.C. (2010), “Resident attitudes toward heritage tourism development”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 12, n. 4, pp. 525-545.
CRUISE LINES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION (2016), State of the Industry Oulook.
CRUISE LINES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION (2017), Cruise Industry Outlook 2017, December 2016.
DAVIS D., ALLEN J., COSENZA A. (1988), “Segmenting local residents by their attitudes, interests and opinions towards tourism”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 27, n. 2, pp. 2-8.
DEL CHIAPPA G. (2012), “Community integration: A case study of Costa Smeralda, Italy”, in Fayos-Sola E., Silva J., Jafari J., (Eds.) Knowledge management in tourism: Policy and governance applications bridging tourism theory and practice, Bingley, Emerald, (pp. 243-263).
DEL CHIAPPA G., ABBATE T. (2013), “Island cruise tourism development: A resident’s perspective in the context of Italy”, Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.854751.
DEL CHIAPPA G., LORENZO-ROMERO C., GALLARZA M. (2016), “Host community perceptions toward cruise tourism in a homeport: a cluster analysis”, Journal of Destination Marketing e Management, online first http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.011
DI CESARE F., TAMMA M. (2004), “La dinamica competitiva nella produzione crocieristica. Aspetti di metodo ed evidenze empiriche in uno studio sul Mediterraneo”, Economia e Diritto del Terziario, n. 2 , pp. 415-343.
DIEDRICH A. (2010), “Cruise ship tourism in Belize: The implications of developing cruise ship tourism in an ecotourism destination”, Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 53, n. 5-6, pp. 234-244.
DOXEY G. (1976), “When enough’s enough: The natives are restless in old Niagara”, Heritage Canada, vol. 2, n. 2, pp. 26-27.
DWYER L., FORSYTH P.J. (1996), “Economic impacts of cruise tourism in Australia”, Journal of Tourism Studies, vol. 7, n. 2, pp. 36.
DWYER L., FORSYTH P.J. (1998), “Economic significance of cruise tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 25, n. 2, pp. 393-415.
DYER P., GURSOY D., SHARMA B., CARTER J. (2007), “Structural modelling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia”, Tourism Management, vol. 28, n. 2, pp. 409-422.
EUROPEAN CRUISE COUNCIL (2012), The cruise industry: Contribution of cruise tourism to the economies of Europe 2012.,Retrieved from: http://www.europeancruisecouncil.com/content/economic%20report.pdf (accessed 20 October 2013).
EUROPEAN CRUISE COUNCIL 2012/2013 REPORT (2014), Retrieved from: http://www.ashcroftandassociates.com/downloads/ECC-Report-2012-2013.pdf.
FAULKNER B., TIDESWELL C. (1997), “A framework for monitoring community impacts of tourism”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 5, n. 1, pp. 3-28.
FREDLINE E., FAULKNER B. (2000), “Host community reactions: A cluster analysis”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, n. 3, pp. 763-784.
GATEWOOD J.B., CAMERON C.M. (2009), Belonger perceptions of tourism and its impacts in the Turks and Calcos Islands [Research project report]. Retrieved from: http://www.lehigh.edu/~jbg1/Perceptions-of-Tourism.pdf.
GURSOY D., CHI C.G., DYER P. (2010), “Local attitudes toward mass and alternative tourism: the Case of Sunshine Coast, Australia”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 49, n. 3, pp. 381-394.
GURSOY D., JUROWSKI C., UYSAL M. (2002), “Resident attitudes. A structural modeling approach”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, n. 1, pp. 79-105.
GURSOY D., RUTHERFORD D. (2004), “Host attitudes toward tourism. An improved structural model”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 31, n. 3, pp. 495-516.
HAIR J.F., BLACK W.C., BABIN B.J., ANDERSON R.E. (2014), Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.), Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate.
HAIR J., ANDERSON R., TATHAM R., BLACK W. (1999), Análisis multivariante [Multivariate analysis], Prentice-Hall, Madrid.
HRITZ N., CECIL A. (2008), “Investigating the sustainability of cruise tourism: A case study of Key West”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 168-181.
INE (2014), Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Retrieved from: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do (accessed 20 November 2014).
JOHNSON J.D., SNEPENGER D.J., AKIS S. (1994), “Residents’ perceptions of tourism development”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 629-642.
KLEIN R.A. (2009), Paradise lost at sea: Rethinking cruise vacations, Fernwood Publishing, Halifax, UK.
LINDBERG K., JOHNSON R.L. (1997), “Modeling resident attitudes toward tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 402-424.
MADRIGAL R. (1995), “Residents’ Perceptions and the Role of Government”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 86-102.
MARUŠIĆ A., HORAK S., TOMLJENOVIĆ R. (2008), “The socio-economic impacts of cruise tourism: A case study of Croatian destinations”, Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 5, n. 2-3, pp. 131-144.
MCLACHLAN G.J., BASFORD K.E. (1988), Mixture models: Inference and applications to clustering, Marcel Dekker, New York.
MURPHY P.E. (1983), “Perceptions and attitudes of decision making groups in tourism centers”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 8-12.
NUNKOO R., GURSOY D., JUWAHEER T. (2010), “Island residents’ identities and their support for tourism: An integration of two theories”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 18, n. 5, pp. 675-693.
NYAUPANE G.P., MORAIS D.B., DOWLER L. (2006), “The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China”, Tourism Management, vol. 27, n. 6, pp. 1373-1385.
PAPATHANASSIS A., BECKMAN I. (2011), “Assessing the poverty of cruise theory hypothesis”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 38, n. 1, pp. 153-174.
PENCO L. (2013), Il business crocieristico. Imprese, strategie, territorio, Franco Angeli, Milano.
PERDUE R.R., LONG P.T., ALLEN L. (1990), “Resident support for tourism development”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 17, n. 4, pp. 586-599.
PIZAM A. (1978), “Tourism’s impacts: The social costs to the destination community as perceived by its residents”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 16, n. 4, pp. 8-12.
PULINA M., MELEDDU M., DEL CHIAPPA G. (2013), “Residents’ choice probability and tourism development”, Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 5 , pp. 57-67.
RIVERA M., CROES R., LEE S.H. (2015), “Tourism Development and hapiness: a residents’ perspective”, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.04.002.
ROTHMAN R. (1978), “Residents and transients: Community reaction to seasonal visitors”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 16, n. 3, pp. 8-13.
RUTIN J. (2010), “Coastal tourism: A comparative study between Croatia and Tunisia”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 264-277.
SINCLAIR-MARAGH GURSOY D., VIEREGGE M. (2014), “Residents’ perceptions toward tourism development”, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, vol. 4, n. 1, pp. 36-45.
VAREIRO L., ROMPALDO P.C., CADIMA-RIBEIRO J.A. (2012), “Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in Guimaräes (Portugal), A cluster analysis”, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 16, n. 6, pp. 535-551.
VARGAS-SÁNCHEZ A., PORRAS-BUENO N., PLAZA-MEJÍA M. (2011), “Explaining residents’ attitudes to tourism: Is a universal model possible?”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 38, n. 2, pp. 460-480.
VERMUNT J.K., MAGIDSON J. (2005), Latent GOLD 4.0 user’s guide, statistical innovation, Belmont, Massachusetts: Inc.
VERNON J., ESSEX S., PINDER D., CURRY K. (2005), “Collaborative policymaking. Local sustainable projects”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 32, n. 2, pp. 325-345.
WILD P., DEARING J. (2000), “Development of and prospects for cruising in Europe”, Maritime Policy and Management, vol. 27, n. 4, pp. 315-333.
WILKINSON P.F. (1999), “Caribbean cruise tourism: Delusion? Illusion?”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 261-282.
WILLIAMS J., LAWSON R. (2001), “Community issues and residents’ opinions of tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, n. 2, pp. 269-290.
BALLANTINE J.L., EAGLES P.F. (1994), “Defining Canadian ecotourists”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 2, n. 2, pp. 210-214.
BELISLE F.J., HOY D.R. (1980), “The perceived impact of tourism by residents: A case study in Santa Maria, Columbia”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 12, n. 1, pp. 83-101.
BESCULIDES A., LEE M., MCCORMICK P. (2002), “Residents’ perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, n. 2, pp. 303-319.
BRIDA J.G., ZAPATA S. (2010), “Cruise tourism: Economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts”, International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 205-226.
BRIDA J.G., DEL CHIAPPA G., MELEDDU M., PULINA M. (2012a), “The perceptions of an island community towards cruise tourism: A factor analysis”, Tourism, vol. 60, n. 1, pp. 29-42.
BRIDA J.G., DEL CHIAPPA G., MELEDDU M., PULINA M. (2012b), “A comparison of residents’ perceptions in two cruise ports in the Mediterranean Sea”, International Journal of Tourism Research, doi: 10.1002/jtr.1915.
BRIDA J.G., RIAÑO E., ZAPATA-AGUIRRE S. (2011), “Residents’ attitudes and perceptions towards cruise tourism development: A case study of Cartage de Indias (Colombia)”, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 11, n. 3, pp. 187-202.
BRIDA J., OSTI L., BARQUET A. (2010), “Segmenting resident perceptions towards tourism - a cluster analysis with a multinomial logit model of a mountain community”, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 12, n. 5, pp. 591-602.
BROUGHAM J., BUTLER R. (1981), “A segmentation analysis of resident attitudes to the social impact of tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 7, n. 4, pp. 569-590.
BUTLER R.W. (1980), “The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for management resources”, The Canadian Geographer, vol. 24, n. 1, pp. 5-16.
CASARIN F. (2007), Il marketing dei prodotti turistici. Specificità e varietà, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino.
CASTILLO-MANZANO J.I., LOPEZ-VALPUESTA L., ALANIS F.J. (2014), “Tourism managers’ view of the economic impact of cruise traffic: The case of southern Spain”, Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.907776
CHEN C.F., CHEN P.C. (2010), “Resident attitudes toward heritage tourism development”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 12, n. 4, pp. 525-545.
CRUISE LINES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION (2016), State of the Industry Oulook.
CRUISE LINES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION (2017), Cruise Industry Outlook 2017, December 2016.
DAVIS D., ALLEN J., COSENZA A. (1988), “Segmenting local residents by their attitudes, interests and opinions towards tourism”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 27, n. 2, pp. 2-8.
DEL CHIAPPA G. (2012), “Community integration: A case study of Costa Smeralda, Italy”, in Fayos-Sola E., Silva J., Jafari J., (Eds.) Knowledge management in tourism: Policy and governance applications bridging tourism theory and practice, Bingley, Emerald, (pp. 243-263).
DEL CHIAPPA G., ABBATE T. (2013), “Island cruise tourism development: A resident’s perspective in the context of Italy”, Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.854751.
DEL CHIAPPA G., LORENZO-ROMERO C., GALLARZA M. (2016), “Host community perceptions toward cruise tourism in a homeport: a cluster analysis”, Journal of Destination Marketing e Management, online first http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.011
DI CESARE F., TAMMA M. (2004), “La dinamica competitiva nella produzione crocieristica. Aspetti di metodo ed evidenze empiriche in uno studio sul Mediterraneo”, Economia e Diritto del Terziario, n. 2 , pp. 415-343.
DIEDRICH A. (2010), “Cruise ship tourism in Belize: The implications of developing cruise ship tourism in an ecotourism destination”, Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 53, n. 5-6, pp. 234-244.
DOXEY G. (1976), “When enough’s enough: The natives are restless in old Niagara”, Heritage Canada, vol. 2, n. 2, pp. 26-27.
DWYER L., FORSYTH P.J. (1996), “Economic impacts of cruise tourism in Australia”, Journal of Tourism Studies, vol. 7, n. 2, pp. 36.
DWYER L., FORSYTH P.J. (1998), “Economic significance of cruise tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 25, n. 2, pp. 393-415.
DYER P., GURSOY D., SHARMA B., CARTER J. (2007), “Structural modelling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia”, Tourism Management, vol. 28, n. 2, pp. 409-422.
EUROPEAN CRUISE COUNCIL (2012), The cruise industry: Contribution of cruise tourism to the economies of Europe 2012.,Retrieved from: http://www.europeancruisecouncil.com/content/economic%20report.pdf (accessed 20 October 2013).
EUROPEAN CRUISE COUNCIL 2012/2013 REPORT (2014), Retrieved from: http://www.ashcroftandassociates.com/downloads/ECC-Report-2012-2013.pdf.
FAULKNER B., TIDESWELL C. (1997), “A framework for monitoring community impacts of tourism”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 5, n. 1, pp. 3-28.
FREDLINE E., FAULKNER B. (2000), “Host community reactions: A cluster analysis”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, n. 3, pp. 763-784.
GATEWOOD J.B., CAMERON C.M. (2009), Belonger perceptions of tourism and its impacts in the Turks and Calcos Islands [Research project report]. Retrieved from: http://www.lehigh.edu/~jbg1/Perceptions-of-Tourism.pdf.
GURSOY D., CHI C.G., DYER P. (2010), “Local attitudes toward mass and alternative tourism: the Case of Sunshine Coast, Australia”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 49, n. 3, pp. 381-394.
GURSOY D., JUROWSKI C., UYSAL M. (2002), “Resident attitudes. A structural modeling approach”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, n. 1, pp. 79-105.
GURSOY D., RUTHERFORD D. (2004), “Host attitudes toward tourism. An improved structural model”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 31, n. 3, pp. 495-516.
HAIR J.F., BLACK W.C., BABIN B.J., ANDERSON R.E. (2014), Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.), Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate.
HAIR J., ANDERSON R., TATHAM R., BLACK W. (1999), Análisis multivariante [Multivariate analysis], Prentice-Hall, Madrid.
HRITZ N., CECIL A. (2008), “Investigating the sustainability of cruise tourism: A case study of Key West”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 168-181.
INE (2014), Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Retrieved from: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do (accessed 20 November 2014).
JOHNSON J.D., SNEPENGER D.J., AKIS S. (1994), “Residents’ perceptions of tourism development”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 629-642.
KLEIN R.A. (2009), Paradise lost at sea: Rethinking cruise vacations, Fernwood Publishing, Halifax, UK.
LINDBERG K., JOHNSON R.L. (1997), “Modeling resident attitudes toward tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 402-424.
MADRIGAL R. (1995), “Residents’ Perceptions and the Role of Government”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 86-102.
MARUŠIĆ A., HORAK S., TOMLJENOVIĆ R. (2008), “The socio-economic impacts of cruise tourism: A case study of Croatian destinations”, Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 5, n. 2-3, pp. 131-144.
MCLACHLAN G.J., BASFORD K.E. (1988), Mixture models: Inference and applications to clustering, Marcel Dekker, New York.
MURPHY P.E. (1983), “Perceptions and attitudes of decision making groups in tourism centers”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 8-12.
NUNKOO R., GURSOY D., JUWAHEER T. (2010), “Island residents’ identities and their support for tourism: An integration of two theories”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 18, n. 5, pp. 675-693.
NYAUPANE G.P., MORAIS D.B., DOWLER L. (2006), “The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China”, Tourism Management, vol. 27, n. 6, pp. 1373-1385.
PAPATHANASSIS A., BECKMAN I. (2011), “Assessing the poverty of cruise theory hypothesis”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 38, n. 1, pp. 153-174.
PENCO L. (2013), Il business crocieristico. Imprese, strategie, territorio, Franco Angeli, Milano.
PERDUE R.R., LONG P.T., ALLEN L. (1990), “Resident support for tourism development”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 17, n. 4, pp. 586-599.
PIZAM A. (1978), “Tourism’s impacts: The social costs to the destination community as perceived by its residents”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 16, n. 4, pp. 8-12.
PULINA M., MELEDDU M., DEL CHIAPPA G. (2013), “Residents’ choice probability and tourism development”, Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 5 , pp. 57-67.
RIVERA M., CROES R., LEE S.H. (2015), “Tourism Development and hapiness: a residents’ perspective”, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.04.002.
ROTHMAN R. (1978), “Residents and transients: Community reaction to seasonal visitors”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 16, n. 3, pp. 8-13.
RUTIN J. (2010), “Coastal tourism: A comparative study between Croatia and Tunisia”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 264-277.
SINCLAIR-MARAGH GURSOY D., VIEREGGE M. (2014), “Residents’ perceptions toward tourism development”, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, vol. 4, n. 1, pp. 36-45.
VAREIRO L., ROMPALDO P.C., CADIMA-RIBEIRO J.A. (2012), “Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in Guimaräes (Portugal), A cluster analysis”, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 16, n. 6, pp. 535-551.
VARGAS-SÁNCHEZ A., PORRAS-BUENO N., PLAZA-MEJÍA M. (2011), “Explaining residents’ attitudes to tourism: Is a universal model possible?”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 38, n. 2, pp. 460-480.
VERMUNT J.K., MAGIDSON J. (2005), Latent GOLD 4.0 user’s guide, statistical innovation, Belmont, Massachusetts: Inc.
VERNON J., ESSEX S., PINDER D., CURRY K. (2005), “Collaborative policymaking. Local sustainable projects”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 32, n. 2, pp. 325-345.
WILD P., DEARING J. (2000), “Development of and prospects for cruising in Europe”, Maritime Policy and Management, vol. 27, n. 4, pp. 315-333.
WILKINSON P.F. (1999), “Caribbean cruise tourism: Delusion? Illusion?”, Tourism Geographies, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 261-282.
WILLIAMS J., LAWSON R. (2001), “Community issues and residents’ opinions of tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, n. 2, pp. 269-290.
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2017-12-28
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