Entrepreneurship and growth of small family firms. Evidence from a sample of the artistic craftsmen of Florence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s98.2015.11Keywords:
small artisan family firms, entrepreneurship, personality traits, inherent characteristics, family members involvement, growthAbstract
Purpose of the paper: Entrepreneurship by craftsmen is essential for the growth of small artistic - artisan family firms. In these firms, entrepreneurship is influenced by the inherent characteristics of the craftsman as well as by the number of generations involved in the firm. We suggest that these variables affect both entrepreneurship and firm growth.
Methodology: We adopt OLS regression on a sample of 52 small artistic artisan family firms using a dependent variable (ROE), four independent variables (entrepreneurship, age, tenure, generations involved) and two control variables (firm size and gender).
Findings: Our results show that 1) the inherent characteristics of the entrepreneur-craftsman do not affect entrepreneurship within those firms; 2) the generations involved in the firms affect entrepreneurship and 3) entrepreneurship affects the growth of family firms.
Research limits: Some limitations regard the size of the sample and the number of independent variables used.
Practical implications: Our findings provide some suggestions in understanding why some artistic artisan family firms grow whilst other stagnate, suggesting that the entrepreneurial behavior of the craftsman plays a key role.
Originality of the paper: A consideration of the potential effects of inherent characteristics of the entrepreneur and the generations involved as antecedents of entrepreneurship for the growth of small artistic -artisan family firms is largely absent from the entrepreneurship literature.
References
ABATECOLA G., FARINA V., GORDINI N. (2014), “Board effectiveness in corporate crises: lessons from the evolving empirical research”, Corporate Governance. The International Journal of Business in Society, vol. 14, n. 4, pp.531-542.
ABATECOLA G., FARINA V., GORDINI N. (2013a), “Boards of directors in troubled waters! Enhancing the survival chances of distressed firms”, in Carretta A., Mattarocci G. (Ed.), Financial Systems in Troubled Waters, Information, Strategies, and Governance to Enhance Performance in Risky Times, Routledge, London, pp. 9-18.
ABATECOLA G., MANDARELLI G., POGGESI S. (2013b), “The personality factors: How top management teams make decisions. A literature review”, Journal of Management and Governance, vol. 17, n. 4, pp.1073-1100.
ALDRICH H.E., CLIFF J.E. (2003), “The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family embeddedness perspective”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 18, n. 5, pp. 573-596.
ALLINSON C.W., CHELL E., HAYES J. (2000), “Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 31-43.
ALLPORT G.W. (1937), Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, Henry Holt & Co., New York.
ARGYLE M., LITTLE B. (1972), “Do personality traits apply to social behaviour?”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 2, n. 1, pp. 1-35.
ARREGLE J.L., HITT M.A., SIRMON D.G., VERY P. (2007), “The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 44, n. 1, pp. 72-95.
ATKINSON J.W., BIRCH D. (1978), An introduction to motivation, Van Nostrand, Princeton.
BANDURA A. (1955), Self-efficacy in changing societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
BANDURA A. (1977), “Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change,” Psychological Review, vol. 84, n. 2, pp. 191-214.
BATEMAN T.S., CRANT J.M. (1993), “The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 14, n. 2, pp. 103-118.
BAUM J.R. (1995), “The relation of traits, competencies, motivation, strategy and structure to venture growth”, in Bygrave W.D. (a cura di), Frontiers in Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Babson Park, Boston.
BEGLEY T.M., BOYD D.P. (1986), “Psychological characteristics associated with entrepreneurial performance”, in AA.VV. (a cura di), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College-Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Wellesley.
BEGLEY T.M., BOYD D.P. (1987), “A comparison of entrepreneur and managers of small business firms”, Journal of Management, vol. 13, n. 1, pp. 99-108.
BIRD B. (1988), “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 13, pp. 442-453.
BOYD N.G., VOZIKIS G.S. (1994), “The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 18, n. 4, pp. 63-77.
BOWERS K.S. (1973), “Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique”, Psychological Review, vol. 80, n. 5, pp. 307-336.
BROCKHAUS R.H. (1980), “Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 509-520.
BROCKNER J., DERR W.R., LAING W.N. (1987), “Self-Esteem and Reactions to Negative Feedback: Toward Greater Generalizability”, Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 318-333.
CANTILLON R. (1755), Essaie sur la Nature du Commerce en Général, Henry Higgs, London.
CARLAND J.W., HOY F., BOULTON W.R., CARLAND J.A.C. (1984), “Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 9, n. 2, pp. 354-359.
CASSON M. (2000), The entrepreneur - an economic theory (2nd ed.), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
CHATMAN J.A. (1989), “Improving interactional organizational research: a model of person-organization fit”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, n. 3, pp. 333-349.
CHELL E. (1985), “Entrepreneurial personality: a few ghosts laid to rest?”, International Small Business Journal, vol. 3, n. 3, pp. 43-54.
CHELL E. (2008), The entrepreneurial personality. a social construction, Second Edition, Routledge, London.
CHELL E., BAINES S. (1998), “Does gender affect business performance? A study of micro-businesses in business service in the UK,” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 10, n. 4, pp. 117-135.
CHELL E., HAWORTH J.M., BREARLEY S. (1991), The entrepreneurial personality: Concepts, cases and categories, Routledge, London.
CHELL E., HAWORTH J.M. (1987), “Entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial personality: a review”, in Edwards H. (a cura di), Small Business Bibliography 1985-86, London Business School, London.
CHUA J.H., CHRISMAN J.J., SHARMA P. (1999), “Defining the family business by behavior”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 23, n. 4, pp. 19-39.
CIAPPEI C. (1990), Autonomia e assetti di impresa, Giappichelli, Torino.
COLLINS C.J., HANGES P., LOCKE E.A. (2004), “The relationship of need for achievement to entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis”, Human Performance, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 95-117.
COLOMBO P. (2005), A regola d’arte. Attualità e prospettive dei mestieri d'arte in Lombardia e Canton Ticino, Vita e pensiero, Milano.
CORBETTA G. (1995), “Patterns of development of family businesses in Italy”, Family Business Review, vol. 8, n. 4, pp. 255-265.
CROMIE S., JOHNS S. (1983), “Irish Entrepreneurs: some personal characteristics”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 4, n. 4, pp. 317-324.
CRONBACH L.J. (1951), “Coefficient Alpha and the internal structure of the tests”, Psychometrika, vol. 16, n. 3, pp. 297-334.
DAILY C.M., DOLLINGER M.J. (1992), “An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms”, Family Business Review, vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 117-136.
DAVIDS L.E. (1963), Characteristics of small business founders in Texas and Georgia, University of Georgia, Athens.
DAVIDSSON P. (2006), “Nascent entrepreneurship: empirical studies and developments”, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, vol. 2, n. 1, pp. 1-76.
DAVIS J.H., SCHOORMAN F.D., DONALDSON L. (1997), “Toward a stewardship theory of management”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 20-47.
DESS G.G., ROBINSON R.B. (1984), “Industry effects and strategic management research”, Journal of Management, vol. 16, n. 7, pp. 7-27.
DUBINI P., SCHILLACI E.C. (1998), “L’influsso delle variabili ambientali nella decisione di avviare una nuova impresa”, in Lorenzoni G., Zanoni A. (a cura di), Gli studi sull’imprenditorialità in Italia, Bulzoni, Roma.
DUNKELBERG W.C., COOPER A.C. (1982), “Entrepreneurial typologies: An empirical study”, in AA.VV. (a cura di), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College-Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Wellesley.
DYER W.G. (2006), “Examining the “family effect” on firm performance”, Family Business Review, vol. 19, n. 4, pp. 253-273.
DYER W.G. Jr. (1994), “Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 19, n. 2, pp. 7-21.
DYER W.G. JR., HANDLER W. (1994), “Entrepreneurship and family business: exploring the connection”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 19, n. 1, pp. 71-83.
EDDLESTON K., KELLERMANNS F.W. (2007), “Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 22, n. 4, pp. 545-565.
EKEHAMMER B. (1974), “Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 81, n. 12, pp. 1026-1048.
EVANS D., LEIGHTON L. (1989), “Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship”, American Economic Review, vol. 79, n. 3, pp. 519-535.
FELTHAM T.S., FELTHAM F., BARNETT J.J. (2005), “The dependence of family businesses on a single decision-maker”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 43, n. 1, pp. 1-15.
FIEDLER F.E. (1967), A Theory of leader effectiveness, McGraw-Hill, New York.
FINKELSTEIN S., HAMBRICK D.C. (1990), “Top management team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35, n. 3, pp. 484-503.
FURNHAM A. (1986), “Economic locus of control”, Human Relations, vol. 39, n. 1, pp. 29-43.
GAGLIO C.M., KATZ J.A. (2001), “The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness”, Small Business Economics, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 95-111.
GALTON F. (1869), Hereditary Genius, Macmillan, London.
GERSICK K.E., DAVIS J.A., HAMPTON M.M., LANSBERG I. (1997), Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
GORDINI N. (2012), “The impact of outsiders on small family firm performance: Evidence from Italy”, World Journal of Management, vol.4, n. 2, pp.14-35.
GORDINI N. (2013), Imprenditori e attitudini imprenditoriali. Aspetti teorici ed evidenze empiriche, Pearson, Milano-Torino.
GUDMUNDSON D., TOWER C.B., HARTMAN F. A. (2003), “Innovation in small businesses: Culture and ownership structure do matter”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol. 8, n. 1, pp. 1-17.
HABBERSHON T.G., WILLIAMS M., MACMILLAN I.C. (2003), “A unified systems perspective of family firm performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 18, n. 4, pp.451-465.
HAMBRICK D.C., FINKELSTEIN S. (1987), “Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views on organizations”, in Cummings L.L., Staw B.M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 9, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
HANSEMARK O.C. (2003), “Need for achievement, locus of control and the prediction of business start-ups: A longitudinal study”, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 301-319.
HARTMAN H. (1959), “Manager and entrepreneurs: A useful distinction?”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 3, n. 4, pp. 429-451.
HENDERSON R., ROBERTSON M. (2000), “Who wants to be an entrepreneur?”, Career Development International, vol. 5, n. 6, pp. 279-287.
HERSEY P., BLANCHARD K. (1982), Management of Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
HISRICH R.D., PETERS M.P. (2006), Entrepreneurship - Sixth Edition, Mc-Graw-Hill, Irwin.
HORNADAY J.A., ABOUD J. (1971), “Characteristic of successful entrepreneurs”, Personnel Psychology, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 141-153.
HOY F. (2006), “The complicating factor of life cycles in corporate venturing”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 30, n. 6, pp. 831-836.
HULL D., BOSLEY J., UDELL G. (1980), “Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 11-18.
JAFFE D.T., LANE S.H. (2004), “Sustaining a family dynasty: Key issues facing complex multigenerational business- and investment-owning families”, Family Business Review, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 81-98.
JOHNSON B.R. (1990), “Towards a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: The case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 14, n. 3, pp. 39-54.
JUDGE G.G., HILL R.C., GRIFFITHS W.E., LUTKEPOHL H., LEE T. (1987), (Second edition), Theory and practice of econometrics, Wiley, New York.
KANUK L., BERENSON C. (1975), “Mail surveys and response rates: a literature review”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. XII, n. 4, pp. 440-53.
KELLERMANNS F.W., EDDLESTON K. (2006), “Corporate venturing in family firms: Does the family matter?”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 30, n. 6, pp. 837-854.
KELLERMANNS W., EDDLESTON K.A., BARNET T., PEARSON A. (2008), “An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: Effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm”, Family Business Review, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 1-14.
KENYON-ROUVINEZ D. (2001), “Patterns in serial business families: Theory building through global case study research”, Family Business Review, vol. 14, n. 3, pp. 175-192.
KEPNER E. (1991), “The family and the firm: A coevolutionary perspective”, Family Business Review, vol. 4, n. 2, pp. 445-461.
KESNER I.F., SHAPIRO D.L., SHARMA A. (1994), “Brokering mergers: An agency theory perspective on the role of representatives”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, n. 3, pp. 703-721.
KETS DE VRIES M.F.R. (1977), “The entrepreneurial personality: A person at the crossroads”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 34-57.
KILBY P.M. (1971), Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, Macmillan, New York.
KIRZNER I.M. (1982a), “The theory of entrepreneurship in economic growth”, in Kent C.A., Sexton D.L., Vesper K.H. (a cura di), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
KIRZNER I.M. (1982b), “Uncertainty, discovery, and human action: A study of the entrepreneurial profile in the Misean system”, in Kizner I.M. (a cura di), Method, Process and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honour of Ludwig von Mises, DC Heath, Lexington.
KNIGHT F.H. (1921), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Augustus Kelley, New York.
KOH H.C. (1996), “Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics: A study of Hong Kong MBA students”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 11, n. 3, pp. 12-26.
KORUNKA C., FRANK H., LUEGER M., MUGLER J. (2003), “The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process - A configurational approach”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 28, n. 1, pp. 23-42.
KRUEGER N.F., REILLY M.D., CARSRUD A.L. (2000), “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 15, n. 5/6, pp. 411-532.
LANZA A. (2002), Imprenditorialità e capitale sociale. I sistemi di imprese tra mercato e istituzioni, Carocci, Roma.
LEE D.Y., TSANG E.W.K. (2001), “The effects of entrepreneurial personality, background and network activities on venture growth”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 38, n. 4, pp. 583-602.
LEVESQUE M., MINNITI M. (2006), “The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 21, n. 2, pp. 177-194.
LEWIN K. (1951), Teoria e sperimentazione in psicologia sociale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
LITTUNEN H. (2002), “Entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, vol. 6, n. 6, pp. 295-310.
LITZ R.A., KLEYSEN R.F. (2001), “Your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: Toward a theory of family firm innovation with help from the Brubeck family”, Family Business Review, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 335-351.
LOVE L.G., PRIEM R.L., LUMPKIN G.T. (2002), “Explicitly articulated strategy and firm performance under alternative levels of centralization”, Journal of Management, vol. 28, n. 5, pp. 611-627.
LUMPKIN G.T., DESS G.G. (1996), “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 135-172.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1955), Studies in Motivation, Appleton Century Crofts, New York.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1961), The Achieving Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1965), “Achievement motivation can be developed”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 43, n. 6, pp. 6-24.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1987), “Characteristic of successful entrepreneurs”, Journal of Creative Behavior, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 219-233.
McCLELLAND D.C., WINTER D.G. (1971), Motivating Economic Achievement, Free Press, New York.
McCONAUGHY D., PHILLIPS G. (1999), Founders versus descendants: The profitability, efficiency, growth characteristics, and financing in large, public, founding-family-controlled firms”, Family Business Review, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 123-132.
MEREDITH G.G., NELSON R.E., NECK P.A. (1982), The practice of entrepreneurship, International Labour Office, Geneve.
MILLER D. (1983), “The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms”, Management Science, vol. 29, n. 7, pp. 770-791.
MILLER D., FRIESEN P.H. (1982), “Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 1-25.
MINER J.B., RAJU N.S. (2004), “Risk propensity differences between managers and entrepreneurs and between low- and high-growth entrepreneurs: A reply in a more conservative vein”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 89, n. 1, pp. 3-13.
MIRON D., McCLELLAND D.C. (1979), “The impact of achievement motivation training on small business performance,” California Management Review, vol. 21, n. 4, pp. 13-28.
MONTGOMERY D.C., PECK E.A. (1992), Introduction to linear regression analysis, Wiley, New York.
MORRIS M.H. (1998), Entrepreneurial intensity, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.
MUELLER S.L., THOMAS A.S. (2000), “Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16, n. 1, pp. 51-75.
NAHAPIET J., GHOSHAL S. (1998), “Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 23, pp. 242-266.
OLSON P.D., ZUIKER V.S., DANES S.M., STAFFORD K., HECK R.K.Z., DUNCAN K.A. (2003), “The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 18, n. 5, pp.639-666.
PALMER M. (1971), “The application of psychological testing to entrepreneurial potential”, California Management Review, vol. XXII, n. 3, pp. 32-38.
PARK J.S. (2005), “Opportunity recognition and product innovation in entrepreneurial Hi-Tech Start-Ups: A new perspective and supporting case study”, Technovation, vol. 25, n. 7, pp. 739-752.
PARKER S.C. (2006), “Learning about the unknown: How fast do entrepreneurs adjust their beliefs?”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 1-26.
PERVIN L.A. (1990), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Guilford Press, New York.
RANCATI E. (2009), Market-driven management mercati globali e metriche di perfomance, Giappichelli, Torino.
ROTTER J.B. (1966), “Generalised expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, vol. 80, n. 1, pp. 1-28.
SALVATO C. (2004), “Predictors of entrepreneurship in family firms”, Journal of Private Equity, vol. 7, n. 3, pp. 68-76.
SCHILLACI C.E. (1990), I processi di transizione del potere imprenditoriale nelle imprese familiari, Giappichelli, Torino.
SCHUMPETER J.A. (1934), The theory of economic development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).
SCHUMPETER J.A. (1961), History of economic analysis, George Allen & Unwin, London.
SCOTT M.G., TWOMEY D.F. (1988), “The long-term supply of entrepreneurs: Student’s career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 24,n. 4, pp. 5-13.
SEGAL G., BORGIA D., SCHOENFELD J. (2005), “The motivation to become an entrepreneur”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, vol. 11, n. 1, pp. 42-57.
SEXTON D.L. (1997), “Entrepreneurship research needs and issues”, in Sexton D.L., Smilor R. (a cura di) Entrepreneurship 2000, Upstart Publishing Company, Chicago.
SEXTON D.L., BOWMAN N.B. (1984), “Entrepreneurship Education: Suggestions for Increasing Effectiveness”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 18-25.
SEXTON D.L., SMILOR R.W. (1997), Entrepreneurship 2000, Upstart Publishing Company, Chicago.
SHANE S. (2003), A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus, Edward Elgar Publishing, Aldershot.
SHARMA P., CHRISMAN J.J., CHUA J.H. (1997), “Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges”, Family Business Review, vol. 10, n. 1, pp. 1-36.
SIRMON D.G., HITT M.A. (2003), “Managing resources: linking unique resources, management and wealth creation in family firms”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 27, n. 4, pp. 339-358.
SONGINI L., GNAN L. (2013), “Family involvement and agency cost control mechanisms in family small and medium-sized enterprises”, Journal of Small Business Management, forthcoming.
STARR J.A., FONDAS S.N. (1992), “A model of entrepreneurial socialization and organization formation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 67-77.
STAVROU E.T. (1999), “Succession in family businesses: Exploring the effects of demographic factors on offspring intentions to join and take over the business”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 37, n. 3, pp. 43-61.
STEIER L.P., CHRISMAN J.J., CHUA J.H. (2004), “Entrepreneurial management and governance in family firms: An introduction”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, vol. 28, n .4, pp. 295-303.
STEWART W.H., ROTH P.L. (2001), “Risk-taking propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 86, n. 1, pp. 145-153.
TIMMONS J.A. (1978), “Characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship”, American Journal of Small Business, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 5-17.
TIMMONS J.A. (1989), The Entrepreneurial Mind, Brick House Publishing, Andover.
VALLINI C. (2006), “Introduzione: questo imprenditore”, Sinergie, n. 71, pp. XVII-XXVI.
VENKATRAMAN N., RAMANUJAM V. (1987), “Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 11, n. 4, pp. 801-814.
VICHI F. (2011), Artigiani d’arte. Mappatura e classificazione delle attività economiche nella provincia di Firenze, Fondazione di Firenze per l’artigianato Artistico e Camera di Commercio di Firenze, Firenze.
WEBER M. (1947), The theory of social and economic organization, The Free Press, New York.
ZAHRA S.A. (1991), “Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship as firm behavior: A critique and extension”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 259-285.
ZAHRA S.A. (1996), “Governance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39, n. 6, pp. 1713-1735.
ZAHRA S.A. (2005), “Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms”, Family Business Review, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 23-40.
ZAHRA S.A., JENNINGS D., KURATKO D. (1999), “The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 45-65.
ZAHRA S.A., NEUBAUM D.O., HUSE M. (2000), “Entrepreneurship in medium-size companies: Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems”, Journal of Management, vol. 26, n. 5, pp. 947-976.
ZANNI L. (1995), Imprenditorialità e Territorio, Cedam, Milano.
ABATECOLA G., FARINA V., GORDINI N. (2013a), “Boards of directors in troubled waters! Enhancing the survival chances of distressed firms”, in Carretta A., Mattarocci G. (Ed.), Financial Systems in Troubled Waters, Information, Strategies, and Governance to Enhance Performance in Risky Times, Routledge, London, pp. 9-18.
ABATECOLA G., MANDARELLI G., POGGESI S. (2013b), “The personality factors: How top management teams make decisions. A literature review”, Journal of Management and Governance, vol. 17, n. 4, pp.1073-1100.
ALDRICH H.E., CLIFF J.E. (2003), “The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family embeddedness perspective”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 18, n. 5, pp. 573-596.
ALLINSON C.W., CHELL E., HAYES J. (2000), “Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 31-43.
ALLPORT G.W. (1937), Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, Henry Holt & Co., New York.
ARGYLE M., LITTLE B. (1972), “Do personality traits apply to social behaviour?”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, vol. 2, n. 1, pp. 1-35.
ARREGLE J.L., HITT M.A., SIRMON D.G., VERY P. (2007), “The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 44, n. 1, pp. 72-95.
ATKINSON J.W., BIRCH D. (1978), An introduction to motivation, Van Nostrand, Princeton.
BANDURA A. (1955), Self-efficacy in changing societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
BANDURA A. (1977), “Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change,” Psychological Review, vol. 84, n. 2, pp. 191-214.
BATEMAN T.S., CRANT J.M. (1993), “The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 14, n. 2, pp. 103-118.
BAUM J.R. (1995), “The relation of traits, competencies, motivation, strategy and structure to venture growth”, in Bygrave W.D. (a cura di), Frontiers in Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Babson Park, Boston.
BEGLEY T.M., BOYD D.P. (1986), “Psychological characteristics associated with entrepreneurial performance”, in AA.VV. (a cura di), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College-Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Wellesley.
BEGLEY T.M., BOYD D.P. (1987), “A comparison of entrepreneur and managers of small business firms”, Journal of Management, vol. 13, n. 1, pp. 99-108.
BIRD B. (1988), “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 13, pp. 442-453.
BOYD N.G., VOZIKIS G.S. (1994), “The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 18, n. 4, pp. 63-77.
BOWERS K.S. (1973), “Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique”, Psychological Review, vol. 80, n. 5, pp. 307-336.
BROCKHAUS R.H. (1980), “Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 509-520.
BROCKNER J., DERR W.R., LAING W.N. (1987), “Self-Esteem and Reactions to Negative Feedback: Toward Greater Generalizability”, Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 318-333.
CANTILLON R. (1755), Essaie sur la Nature du Commerce en Général, Henry Higgs, London.
CARLAND J.W., HOY F., BOULTON W.R., CARLAND J.A.C. (1984), “Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 9, n. 2, pp. 354-359.
CASSON M. (2000), The entrepreneur - an economic theory (2nd ed.), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
CHATMAN J.A. (1989), “Improving interactional organizational research: a model of person-organization fit”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, n. 3, pp. 333-349.
CHELL E. (1985), “Entrepreneurial personality: a few ghosts laid to rest?”, International Small Business Journal, vol. 3, n. 3, pp. 43-54.
CHELL E. (2008), The entrepreneurial personality. a social construction, Second Edition, Routledge, London.
CHELL E., BAINES S. (1998), “Does gender affect business performance? A study of micro-businesses in business service in the UK,” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 10, n. 4, pp. 117-135.
CHELL E., HAWORTH J.M., BREARLEY S. (1991), The entrepreneurial personality: Concepts, cases and categories, Routledge, London.
CHELL E., HAWORTH J.M. (1987), “Entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial personality: a review”, in Edwards H. (a cura di), Small Business Bibliography 1985-86, London Business School, London.
CHUA J.H., CHRISMAN J.J., SHARMA P. (1999), “Defining the family business by behavior”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 23, n. 4, pp. 19-39.
CIAPPEI C. (1990), Autonomia e assetti di impresa, Giappichelli, Torino.
COLLINS C.J., HANGES P., LOCKE E.A. (2004), “The relationship of need for achievement to entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis”, Human Performance, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 95-117.
COLOMBO P. (2005), A regola d’arte. Attualità e prospettive dei mestieri d'arte in Lombardia e Canton Ticino, Vita e pensiero, Milano.
CORBETTA G. (1995), “Patterns of development of family businesses in Italy”, Family Business Review, vol. 8, n. 4, pp. 255-265.
CROMIE S., JOHNS S. (1983), “Irish Entrepreneurs: some personal characteristics”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 4, n. 4, pp. 317-324.
CRONBACH L.J. (1951), “Coefficient Alpha and the internal structure of the tests”, Psychometrika, vol. 16, n. 3, pp. 297-334.
DAILY C.M., DOLLINGER M.J. (1992), “An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms”, Family Business Review, vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 117-136.
DAVIDS L.E. (1963), Characteristics of small business founders in Texas and Georgia, University of Georgia, Athens.
DAVIDSSON P. (2006), “Nascent entrepreneurship: empirical studies and developments”, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, vol. 2, n. 1, pp. 1-76.
DAVIS J.H., SCHOORMAN F.D., DONALDSON L. (1997), “Toward a stewardship theory of management”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 20-47.
DESS G.G., ROBINSON R.B. (1984), “Industry effects and strategic management research”, Journal of Management, vol. 16, n. 7, pp. 7-27.
DUBINI P., SCHILLACI E.C. (1998), “L’influsso delle variabili ambientali nella decisione di avviare una nuova impresa”, in Lorenzoni G., Zanoni A. (a cura di), Gli studi sull’imprenditorialità in Italia, Bulzoni, Roma.
DUNKELBERG W.C., COOPER A.C. (1982), “Entrepreneurial typologies: An empirical study”, in AA.VV. (a cura di), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College-Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Wellesley.
DYER W.G. (2006), “Examining the “family effect” on firm performance”, Family Business Review, vol. 19, n. 4, pp. 253-273.
DYER W.G. Jr. (1994), “Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 19, n. 2, pp. 7-21.
DYER W.G. JR., HANDLER W. (1994), “Entrepreneurship and family business: exploring the connection”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 19, n. 1, pp. 71-83.
EDDLESTON K., KELLERMANNS F.W. (2007), “Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 22, n. 4, pp. 545-565.
EKEHAMMER B. (1974), “Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 81, n. 12, pp. 1026-1048.
EVANS D., LEIGHTON L. (1989), “Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship”, American Economic Review, vol. 79, n. 3, pp. 519-535.
FELTHAM T.S., FELTHAM F., BARNETT J.J. (2005), “The dependence of family businesses on a single decision-maker”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 43, n. 1, pp. 1-15.
FIEDLER F.E. (1967), A Theory of leader effectiveness, McGraw-Hill, New York.
FINKELSTEIN S., HAMBRICK D.C. (1990), “Top management team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35, n. 3, pp. 484-503.
FURNHAM A. (1986), “Economic locus of control”, Human Relations, vol. 39, n. 1, pp. 29-43.
GAGLIO C.M., KATZ J.A. (2001), “The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness”, Small Business Economics, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 95-111.
GALTON F. (1869), Hereditary Genius, Macmillan, London.
GERSICK K.E., DAVIS J.A., HAMPTON M.M., LANSBERG I. (1997), Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
GORDINI N. (2012), “The impact of outsiders on small family firm performance: Evidence from Italy”, World Journal of Management, vol.4, n. 2, pp.14-35.
GORDINI N. (2013), Imprenditori e attitudini imprenditoriali. Aspetti teorici ed evidenze empiriche, Pearson, Milano-Torino.
GUDMUNDSON D., TOWER C.B., HARTMAN F. A. (2003), “Innovation in small businesses: Culture and ownership structure do matter”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol. 8, n. 1, pp. 1-17.
HABBERSHON T.G., WILLIAMS M., MACMILLAN I.C. (2003), “A unified systems perspective of family firm performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 18, n. 4, pp.451-465.
HAMBRICK D.C., FINKELSTEIN S. (1987), “Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views on organizations”, in Cummings L.L., Staw B.M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 9, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
HANSEMARK O.C. (2003), “Need for achievement, locus of control and the prediction of business start-ups: A longitudinal study”, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 301-319.
HARTMAN H. (1959), “Manager and entrepreneurs: A useful distinction?”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 3, n. 4, pp. 429-451.
HENDERSON R., ROBERTSON M. (2000), “Who wants to be an entrepreneur?”, Career Development International, vol. 5, n. 6, pp. 279-287.
HERSEY P., BLANCHARD K. (1982), Management of Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
HISRICH R.D., PETERS M.P. (2006), Entrepreneurship - Sixth Edition, Mc-Graw-Hill, Irwin.
HORNADAY J.A., ABOUD J. (1971), “Characteristic of successful entrepreneurs”, Personnel Psychology, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 141-153.
HOY F. (2006), “The complicating factor of life cycles in corporate venturing”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 30, n. 6, pp. 831-836.
HULL D., BOSLEY J., UDELL G. (1980), “Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 11-18.
JAFFE D.T., LANE S.H. (2004), “Sustaining a family dynasty: Key issues facing complex multigenerational business- and investment-owning families”, Family Business Review, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 81-98.
JOHNSON B.R. (1990), “Towards a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: The case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 14, n. 3, pp. 39-54.
JUDGE G.G., HILL R.C., GRIFFITHS W.E., LUTKEPOHL H., LEE T. (1987), (Second edition), Theory and practice of econometrics, Wiley, New York.
KANUK L., BERENSON C. (1975), “Mail surveys and response rates: a literature review”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. XII, n. 4, pp. 440-53.
KELLERMANNS F.W., EDDLESTON K. (2006), “Corporate venturing in family firms: Does the family matter?”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 30, n. 6, pp. 837-854.
KELLERMANNS W., EDDLESTON K.A., BARNET T., PEARSON A. (2008), “An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: Effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm”, Family Business Review, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 1-14.
KENYON-ROUVINEZ D. (2001), “Patterns in serial business families: Theory building through global case study research”, Family Business Review, vol. 14, n. 3, pp. 175-192.
KEPNER E. (1991), “The family and the firm: A coevolutionary perspective”, Family Business Review, vol. 4, n. 2, pp. 445-461.
KESNER I.F., SHAPIRO D.L., SHARMA A. (1994), “Brokering mergers: An agency theory perspective on the role of representatives”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, n. 3, pp. 703-721.
KETS DE VRIES M.F.R. (1977), “The entrepreneurial personality: A person at the crossroads”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 34-57.
KILBY P.M. (1971), Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, Macmillan, New York.
KIRZNER I.M. (1982a), “The theory of entrepreneurship in economic growth”, in Kent C.A., Sexton D.L., Vesper K.H. (a cura di), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
KIRZNER I.M. (1982b), “Uncertainty, discovery, and human action: A study of the entrepreneurial profile in the Misean system”, in Kizner I.M. (a cura di), Method, Process and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honour of Ludwig von Mises, DC Heath, Lexington.
KNIGHT F.H. (1921), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Augustus Kelley, New York.
KOH H.C. (1996), “Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics: A study of Hong Kong MBA students”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 11, n. 3, pp. 12-26.
KORUNKA C., FRANK H., LUEGER M., MUGLER J. (2003), “The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process - A configurational approach”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 28, n. 1, pp. 23-42.
KRUEGER N.F., REILLY M.D., CARSRUD A.L. (2000), “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 15, n. 5/6, pp. 411-532.
LANZA A. (2002), Imprenditorialità e capitale sociale. I sistemi di imprese tra mercato e istituzioni, Carocci, Roma.
LEE D.Y., TSANG E.W.K. (2001), “The effects of entrepreneurial personality, background and network activities on venture growth”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 38, n. 4, pp. 583-602.
LEVESQUE M., MINNITI M. (2006), “The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 21, n. 2, pp. 177-194.
LEWIN K. (1951), Teoria e sperimentazione in psicologia sociale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
LITTUNEN H. (2002), “Entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, vol. 6, n. 6, pp. 295-310.
LITZ R.A., KLEYSEN R.F. (2001), “Your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: Toward a theory of family firm innovation with help from the Brubeck family”, Family Business Review, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 335-351.
LOVE L.G., PRIEM R.L., LUMPKIN G.T. (2002), “Explicitly articulated strategy and firm performance under alternative levels of centralization”, Journal of Management, vol. 28, n. 5, pp. 611-627.
LUMPKIN G.T., DESS G.G. (1996), “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 135-172.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1955), Studies in Motivation, Appleton Century Crofts, New York.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1961), The Achieving Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1965), “Achievement motivation can be developed”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 43, n. 6, pp. 6-24.
McCLELLAND D.C. (1987), “Characteristic of successful entrepreneurs”, Journal of Creative Behavior, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 219-233.
McCLELLAND D.C., WINTER D.G. (1971), Motivating Economic Achievement, Free Press, New York.
McCONAUGHY D., PHILLIPS G. (1999), Founders versus descendants: The profitability, efficiency, growth characteristics, and financing in large, public, founding-family-controlled firms”, Family Business Review, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 123-132.
MEREDITH G.G., NELSON R.E., NECK P.A. (1982), The practice of entrepreneurship, International Labour Office, Geneve.
MILLER D. (1983), “The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms”, Management Science, vol. 29, n. 7, pp. 770-791.
MILLER D., FRIESEN P.H. (1982), “Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 1-25.
MINER J.B., RAJU N.S. (2004), “Risk propensity differences between managers and entrepreneurs and between low- and high-growth entrepreneurs: A reply in a more conservative vein”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 89, n. 1, pp. 3-13.
MIRON D., McCLELLAND D.C. (1979), “The impact of achievement motivation training on small business performance,” California Management Review, vol. 21, n. 4, pp. 13-28.
MONTGOMERY D.C., PECK E.A. (1992), Introduction to linear regression analysis, Wiley, New York.
MORRIS M.H. (1998), Entrepreneurial intensity, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.
MUELLER S.L., THOMAS A.S. (2000), “Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16, n. 1, pp. 51-75.
NAHAPIET J., GHOSHAL S. (1998), “Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 23, pp. 242-266.
OLSON P.D., ZUIKER V.S., DANES S.M., STAFFORD K., HECK R.K.Z., DUNCAN K.A. (2003), “The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 18, n. 5, pp.639-666.
PALMER M. (1971), “The application of psychological testing to entrepreneurial potential”, California Management Review, vol. XXII, n. 3, pp. 32-38.
PARK J.S. (2005), “Opportunity recognition and product innovation in entrepreneurial Hi-Tech Start-Ups: A new perspective and supporting case study”, Technovation, vol. 25, n. 7, pp. 739-752.
PARKER S.C. (2006), “Learning about the unknown: How fast do entrepreneurs adjust their beliefs?”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 1-26.
PERVIN L.A. (1990), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Guilford Press, New York.
RANCATI E. (2009), Market-driven management mercati globali e metriche di perfomance, Giappichelli, Torino.
ROTTER J.B. (1966), “Generalised expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, vol. 80, n. 1, pp. 1-28.
SALVATO C. (2004), “Predictors of entrepreneurship in family firms”, Journal of Private Equity, vol. 7, n. 3, pp. 68-76.
SCHILLACI C.E. (1990), I processi di transizione del potere imprenditoriale nelle imprese familiari, Giappichelli, Torino.
SCHUMPETER J.A. (1934), The theory of economic development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).
SCHUMPETER J.A. (1961), History of economic analysis, George Allen & Unwin, London.
SCOTT M.G., TWOMEY D.F. (1988), “The long-term supply of entrepreneurs: Student’s career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 24,n. 4, pp. 5-13.
SEGAL G., BORGIA D., SCHOENFELD J. (2005), “The motivation to become an entrepreneur”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, vol. 11, n. 1, pp. 42-57.
SEXTON D.L. (1997), “Entrepreneurship research needs and issues”, in Sexton D.L., Smilor R. (a cura di) Entrepreneurship 2000, Upstart Publishing Company, Chicago.
SEXTON D.L., BOWMAN N.B. (1984), “Entrepreneurship Education: Suggestions for Increasing Effectiveness”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 18-25.
SEXTON D.L., SMILOR R.W. (1997), Entrepreneurship 2000, Upstart Publishing Company, Chicago.
SHANE S. (2003), A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus, Edward Elgar Publishing, Aldershot.
SHARMA P., CHRISMAN J.J., CHUA J.H. (1997), “Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges”, Family Business Review, vol. 10, n. 1, pp. 1-36.
SIRMON D.G., HITT M.A. (2003), “Managing resources: linking unique resources, management and wealth creation in family firms”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 27, n. 4, pp. 339-358.
SONGINI L., GNAN L. (2013), “Family involvement and agency cost control mechanisms in family small and medium-sized enterprises”, Journal of Small Business Management, forthcoming.
STARR J.A., FONDAS S.N. (1992), “A model of entrepreneurial socialization and organization formation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 67-77.
STAVROU E.T. (1999), “Succession in family businesses: Exploring the effects of demographic factors on offspring intentions to join and take over the business”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 37, n. 3, pp. 43-61.
STEIER L.P., CHRISMAN J.J., CHUA J.H. (2004), “Entrepreneurial management and governance in family firms: An introduction”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, vol. 28, n .4, pp. 295-303.
STEWART W.H., ROTH P.L. (2001), “Risk-taking propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 86, n. 1, pp. 145-153.
TIMMONS J.A. (1978), “Characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship”, American Journal of Small Business, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 5-17.
TIMMONS J.A. (1989), The Entrepreneurial Mind, Brick House Publishing, Andover.
VALLINI C. (2006), “Introduzione: questo imprenditore”, Sinergie, n. 71, pp. XVII-XXVI.
VENKATRAMAN N., RAMANUJAM V. (1987), “Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 11, n. 4, pp. 801-814.
VICHI F. (2011), Artigiani d’arte. Mappatura e classificazione delle attività economiche nella provincia di Firenze, Fondazione di Firenze per l’artigianato Artistico e Camera di Commercio di Firenze, Firenze.
WEBER M. (1947), The theory of social and economic organization, The Free Press, New York.
ZAHRA S.A. (1991), “Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship as firm behavior: A critique and extension”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 259-285.
ZAHRA S.A. (1996), “Governance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39, n. 6, pp. 1713-1735.
ZAHRA S.A. (2005), “Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms”, Family Business Review, vol. 18, n. 1, pp. 23-40.
ZAHRA S.A., JENNINGS D., KURATKO D. (1999), “The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 45-65.
ZAHRA S.A., NEUBAUM D.O., HUSE M. (2000), “Entrepreneurship in medium-size companies: Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems”, Journal of Management, vol. 26, n. 5, pp. 947-976.
ZANNI L. (1995), Imprenditorialità e Territorio, Cedam, Milano.
Downloads
Published
2015-12-30
Issue
Section
Articoli
