I nuovi mercati e le strategie di entrata delle medie imprese: evidenze e miti (New markets and entry strategies of medium-sized companies: evidence and myths)
Keywords:
entry modes;, emerging countries;, mid-sized firms;, Made in Italy;Abstract
Purpose of the paper: The emerging countries provide important growth opportunities and, in many cases, abnormal performance, but when a firm decides to go across border has to face many problems, above all if it is not large, such as the majority of firms of Made in Italy.
The objective of the article is to analyze new markets and entry strategies of mid-sized firms by using a critical approach based on the comparison between “evidences” and “myths”.
Methodology: We apply a quali-quantitative method based both on a survey on the Made in Italy medium-sized firms in Campania and case studies.
Findings: The results can be synthesized as follows:
- the definition of a theoretical framework which integrates the main theories and explores how they interact with each other suggesting different mode and market choices,
- the identification of the evolutionary patterns of mid-sized firms in order to succeed across national borders, in terms of extension of the international approach and of the market,
- the positioning of mid-sized firms of Campania with respect to the above mentioned analytical and interpretative model.
Originality and limits: The theoretical framework is able to represent the multidimensionality of the phenomenon analyzed opening the way to the building of a theory on the successful internationalization of mid-sized firms of Made in Italy. However, further empirical studies are much needed to better test the proposed model.
Practical implications: The study can help managers to make entry mode decisions in order to better exploit opportunities abroad by considering the relationship among the main factors influencing successful entry strategies.
References
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AGRAWAL J., KAMAKURA W.A. (1999), “Country of origin: a competitive advantage?”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 16, pp. 255-267.
ALZONA G., IACOBUCCI D. (2005), “Le ‘medie imprese’ fra controllo familiare e network globali”, L’industria, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 201-218.
ANDERSON E., GATIGNON H. (1986), “Modes of Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions”, Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, pp. 1-26.
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BELLON B., YOUSSEF A.B., PLUNKET A. (2002), “I fattori determinanti delle alleanze industriali strategiche nord-sud: alcuni insegnamenti tratti dall’esperienza euro-mediterranea”, L’industria, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 457-478.
BROUTHERS K.D. (1995), “The influence of international risk on entry mode strategy in the computer software industry”, Management International Review, vol. 35, n. 1, pp. 7-28.
BROUTHERS K.D., BROUTHERS L.E., WERNER S. (2003), “Transaction cost-enhanced entry mode choices and firm performance”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 24, pp. 1239-1248.
BROUTHERS K.D., HENNART J.F. (2007), “Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research”, Journal of Management, vol. 33, n. 3, pp. 395-425.
BUCKLEY P.J., CASSON M.C. (1976), The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan, London, UK.
BURSI T., GALLI G., Marketing internazionale, McGraw-Hill, Milano, 2012.
CAMUFFO G., GERLI F. (2003), “Decisioni di alleanza strategica: synergy savings nell’alleanza Fiat-Gm”, Finanza Marketing & Produzione, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 5-25.
CAROLI M. (2011), Gestione delle imprese internazionali, seconda edizione, McGraw-Hill, Milano.
CAVUSGIL S.T. (1980), “On the internationalization process of the firms”, European Research, n. 8, November, pp. 273-281.
CEDROLA E., BATTAGLIA L. (2001), “Piccole e medie imprese e internazionalità: strategie di business, relazioni, innovazione”, Sinergie, n. 85, Maggio/Agosto, pp. 71-92.
CONFINDUSTRIA (2010), Nuovi produttori, mercati e filiere globali: le imprese italiane cambiano assetto, n. 1, Roma.
CUERVO-CAZURRA A., GENC M. (2008), “Transforming disadvantages into advantages: developing-country MNEs in the least developed countries”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 39, pp. 957-979.
DAVIDSON W.H., MCFETRIDGE D.G. (1984), “International technology transaction and the theory of the firm”, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol. 32, pp. 253-264.
DE LUCA P., VIANELLI D. (2003), “L’influenza delle variabili culturali sullo sviluppo del franchising internazionale: il caso italiano”, Sinergie, vol. 21, n. 60, pp. 145-161.
DELIOS A., BEAMISH P.W.(1999), “Ownership strategy of Japanese firms: transactional, institutional, and experience influences”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 20, pp. 915-933.
DELIOS A., HENISZ W.J. (2000), “Japanese firms’ investments strategies in emerging economies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, n. 3, pp. 305-323.
DRAGHI M. (2010), Relazione Annuale della Banca d’Italia. Considerazioni finali del Governatore.
DUNNING J.H. (1981), International production and the multinational enterprise, Allen &Unwin, London.
EKELEDO I., SIVAKUMAR K. (2004), “International market entry mode strategies of manufacturing firms and service firms: a resources-based perspective”, International Marketing Review, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 68-101.
ERRAMILLI M.K., AGARWAL S., DEV C.S. (2002), “Choice between non-equity entry modes: an organizational capability perspective”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 33, n. 2, pp. 223-242.
EYRING M.J., JOHNSON M.W., NAIR H. (2011) “New business models in emerging markets”, Harvard Business Review, January-February, pp. 89-95.
FEINBERG S.E., GUPTA A.K. (2009), “MNC Subsidiaries and country risk: internalization as a safeguard against weak external institutions”, The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 52, n. 2, pp. 381-399.
FRISO D., GATTAI V. (2005), “Passaggio in India per le multinazionali italiane”, Economia e Politica Industriale, n. 1, pp. 151-164.
GHEMAWAT P. (2009), Ridefinire la strategia globale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
GRANT R.M. (1996), “Towards a knowledge-based theory of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17.
HENISZ W.J. (2003), “The power of the Buckley and Casson thesis: the ability to manage institutional idiosyncrasies”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 173-184.
HENNART J.F., LARIMO J. (1998), “The impact of culture on the strategy of multinational enterprises: does national origin affect ownership decisions?”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 29, n. 3, pp. 515-538.
HERMELO F.D., VASSOLO R. (2010), “Institutional Development and Hyper-competition in Emerging Economies”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 31, pp. 1457-1473.
HILL C.W.L (2008)., International Business, Hoepli, Milano.
HILL C.W.L., HWANG P., CHAN K.W. (1990), “An Eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 11, n. 2, 117-128.
HOSKISSON R.E., EDEN L., LAU C.M., WRIGHT M. (2000), “Strategy in emerging economies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, pp. 249-267.
HYMER S.H. (1976), A study of direct foreign investment, MIT Press, Cambridge.
IACOBUCCI D., SPIGARELLI F. (2007), “I processi di internazionalizzazione delle medie imprese italiane”, L’industria, vol. 28, n. 4, pp. 625-652.
INTESA-SAN PAOLO (2011), “Struttura e performance delle esportazioni: Italia e Germania a confronto”, Servizio studi e ricerche, Luglio.
ISTAT (2011), Rapporto Annuale. La situazione del Paese nel 2010, Roma.
JOHANSON J., VAHLNE J.E. (1977), “The internationalization process of the firm - a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 8, n. 1.
KLEIN S., FRAZIER G.L., ROTH V.J. (1990), “A transaction cost analysis model of channel integration in international markets”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 27, pp. 196-208.
KNIGHT G. A., CAVUSGIL S.T. (1996), “The born global firm: a challenge to traditional internationalization theory”, Advances in International Marketing, vol. 8, pp. 11-26.
KWON Y-C., HU M.Y. (2004), “Influences of liabilities of foreignness on form’s choice of internationalization process”, Journal of Global Marketing, vol. 17, n. 2/3, pp. 45-53.
MAGGIORE G., RESCINITI R. (2006), “Strategie di valorizzazione del Made in Italy e trading up. Il caso Marinella”, III Convegno annuale della Società di Marketing, Il marketing delle medie imprese leader di mercato, Parma, 24-25 novembre.
MAHAJAN V., BANGA K. (2006), The 86% solution. How to succeed in the biggest market opportunities of the Next 50 Years, Wharton School Publishing, Pennsylvania.
MARIOTTI S., MUTINELLI M. (2009), “L’evoluzione delle imprese multinazionali italiane e il ruolo del quarto capitalismo”, Economia e politica industriale, n. 1. pp. 123-134.
MATARAZZO M., RESCINITI R. (2010), “Studies on firms’ internationalisation in Italian journals: themes, trends and future directions”, Economia e politica industriale, vol. 37, n. 4, 2010, pp. 69-109.
MATTIACCI A. (2009), Nicchie e competitività, Carocci, Roma.
MCKINSEY GLOBAL INSTITUTE (2012), Debt and deleveraging: uneven progress on the path to growth, January.
MEDIOBANCA (2012), Le medie imprese industriali italiane 2000-2009, Milano.
MEYER K.E. (2007), “Asian contexts and the search for general theory in management research: a rejoinder”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 24, pp. 527-534.
MEYER K.E., ESTRIN S., KUMAR BHAUMIK S., PENG M.W. (2009), “Institutions, resources and entry strategies in emerging economies”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 30, pp. 61-80.
MUSSO F. (2003), Le relazioni con i mercati esteri delle imprese produttrici di mobili. Sistemi distrettuali e canali distributivi, Trieste, Edizioni Goliardiche.
NAKOS G., BROUTHERS K.D. (2002), “Entry mode choice of SMEs in Central and Eastern Europe”, EntrepreneurshipTheory and Practice, vol. 27, pp. 47-63.
PAN Y., TSE D.K. (2000), “The hierarchical model of market entry modes”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 31, n. 4, pp. 535-554.
PENCARELLI T., D’ANGELO P. (2007), “Case study: a strategy of external growth (franchising) of a small web-based sports business in the USA”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, vol. 20, n. 2, pp. 147-171.
PEPE C. (2003), “Connotati organizzativi dell’impresa per il mercato globale”, Sinergie, n. 60, pp. 103-128.
PEPE C., ZUCCHELLA A. (2009), L’internazionalizzazione delle imprese italiane: contributi di ricerca, Il Mulino, Bologna.
PRAHALAD C.K., HAMEL G. (1990), “The core competence of the corporation”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, n. 3.
RESCINITI R., TUNISINI A. (2009), “Internazionalizzazione”, in Varaldo R., Dalli D., Resciniti R., Tunisini A., (a cura di), Un tesoro emergente: le medie imprese italiane dell’era globale, Franco Angeli, Milano.
ROOT F.R. (1994), Entry Strategies for International Markets, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA.
RULLANI E. (2006), “L’internazionalizzazione invisibile”, Sinergie, n. 69, gen-apr, pp. 3-32.
SILVERSTEIN M., FISKE N. (2004), Trading Up: la rivoluzione del lusso accessibile, ETAS, Milano.
SILVESTRELLI S. (2001), “Globalizzazione dei mercati e strategie di internazionalizzazione delle piccole e medie imprese: risultati di ricerca e riflessioni critiche”, Sinergie, Quaderno di ricerca, n. 13, pp. 143-170.
SIMON H., ZATTA D. (2011), “Trend economici del futuro”, Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano.
STOPFORD J., WELLS L. (1972), Managing the Multinational Enterprise, Basic Books, New York.
TAYLOR C.R., ZOU S., OSLAND G.E. (1998), “A transaction cost perspective on foreign market entry strategies of US and Japanese firms”, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 40. n. 4, 389-412.
TEECE D.J., PISANO G., SHUEN A. (1997), “Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, n. 7, 1997.
THE ROYAL SOCIETY (2011), Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century.
TREVISAN I. (2001), “I modelli di approccio incrementale ai mercati esteri e i percorsi di internazionalizzazione delle imprese minori”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, vol. 14, pp. 49-63.
VALDANI E., BERTOLI G., Mercati internazionali e marketing, Egea, Milano, 2010.
VANNONI D., RAZZOLINI T. (2009), “Strategie di export passivo, produzione su commessa e performance”, L’industria, vol. 30, n. 3, pp. 437-465.
VARALDO R., DALLI D., RESCINITI R., TUNISINI A. (2009), (a cura di), Un tesoro emergente: le medie imprese italiane dell’era globale, Franco Angeli, Milano.
VARALDO R., REY (2011), “Crescita economica, internazionalizzazione e rinnovamento imprenditoriale in Italia”, Economia Italiana, vol. 3, , pp. 749-789.
VERNON R. (1966), “International investment and international trade in the product cycle”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, n. 2.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1975), Markets and hierarchies: analysis and antitrust implications: a study in the economics of internal organizations, The Free Press, New York.
ZHAO H., LUO Y., SUH T. (2004), “Transaction cost determinants and ownership-based entry mode choice: a meta-analytical review”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35, n. 6, pp. 524-544.
ZUCCHELLA A. (2001), “The Internationalization of SMEs: alternative hypotheses and empirical survey”, in TAGGART J. H., BERRY M., MCDERMOTT M. (eds.), Multinationals in a New Era, Basingstoke, Palgrave, pp. 47-60.
ZUCCHELLA A. (2002), “Born global versus gradually internationalizing firms: an analysis based on the italian case”, 28th EIBA Conference Regional Integration, Agglomeration and International Business, Atene, Grecia, 8-10 Dicembre.
ZUCCHELLA A., MACCARINI M. E. (1999), I nuovi percorsi di internazionalizzazione. Le strategie delle piccole e medie imprese, Milano, Giuffrè.
AGRAWAL J., KAMAKURA W.A. (1999), “Country of origin: a competitive advantage?”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 16, pp. 255-267.
ALZONA G., IACOBUCCI D. (2005), “Le ‘medie imprese’ fra controllo familiare e network globali”, L’industria, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 201-218.
ANDERSON E., GATIGNON H. (1986), “Modes of Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions”, Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, pp. 1-26.
BARNEY J.B. (1991), “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage”, Journal of Management, vol. 17, n. 1, 1991, pp. 99-120.
BELLON B., YOUSSEF A.B., PLUNKET A. (2002), “I fattori determinanti delle alleanze industriali strategiche nord-sud: alcuni insegnamenti tratti dall’esperienza euro-mediterranea”, L’industria, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 457-478.
BROUTHERS K.D. (1995), “The influence of international risk on entry mode strategy in the computer software industry”, Management International Review, vol. 35, n. 1, pp. 7-28.
BROUTHERS K.D., BROUTHERS L.E., WERNER S. (2003), “Transaction cost-enhanced entry mode choices and firm performance”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 24, pp. 1239-1248.
BROUTHERS K.D., HENNART J.F. (2007), “Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research”, Journal of Management, vol. 33, n. 3, pp. 395-425.
BUCKLEY P.J., CASSON M.C. (1976), The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan, London, UK.
BURSI T., GALLI G., Marketing internazionale, McGraw-Hill, Milano, 2012.
CAMUFFO G., GERLI F. (2003), “Decisioni di alleanza strategica: synergy savings nell’alleanza Fiat-Gm”, Finanza Marketing & Produzione, vol. 21, n. 3, pp. 5-25.
CAROLI M. (2011), Gestione delle imprese internazionali, seconda edizione, McGraw-Hill, Milano.
CAVUSGIL S.T. (1980), “On the internationalization process of the firms”, European Research, n. 8, November, pp. 273-281.
CEDROLA E., BATTAGLIA L. (2001), “Piccole e medie imprese e internazionalità: strategie di business, relazioni, innovazione”, Sinergie, n. 85, Maggio/Agosto, pp. 71-92.
CONFINDUSTRIA (2010), Nuovi produttori, mercati e filiere globali: le imprese italiane cambiano assetto, n. 1, Roma.
CUERVO-CAZURRA A., GENC M. (2008), “Transforming disadvantages into advantages: developing-country MNEs in the least developed countries”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 39, pp. 957-979.
DAVIDSON W.H., MCFETRIDGE D.G. (1984), “International technology transaction and the theory of the firm”, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol. 32, pp. 253-264.
DE LUCA P., VIANELLI D. (2003), “L’influenza delle variabili culturali sullo sviluppo del franchising internazionale: il caso italiano”, Sinergie, vol. 21, n. 60, pp. 145-161.
DELIOS A., BEAMISH P.W.(1999), “Ownership strategy of Japanese firms: transactional, institutional, and experience influences”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 20, pp. 915-933.
DELIOS A., HENISZ W.J. (2000), “Japanese firms’ investments strategies in emerging economies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, n. 3, pp. 305-323.
DRAGHI M. (2010), Relazione Annuale della Banca d’Italia. Considerazioni finali del Governatore.
DUNNING J.H. (1981), International production and the multinational enterprise, Allen &Unwin, London.
EKELEDO I., SIVAKUMAR K. (2004), “International market entry mode strategies of manufacturing firms and service firms: a resources-based perspective”, International Marketing Review, vol. 21, n. 1, pp. 68-101.
ERRAMILLI M.K., AGARWAL S., DEV C.S. (2002), “Choice between non-equity entry modes: an organizational capability perspective”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 33, n. 2, pp. 223-242.
EYRING M.J., JOHNSON M.W., NAIR H. (2011) “New business models in emerging markets”, Harvard Business Review, January-February, pp. 89-95.
FEINBERG S.E., GUPTA A.K. (2009), “MNC Subsidiaries and country risk: internalization as a safeguard against weak external institutions”, The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 52, n. 2, pp. 381-399.
FRISO D., GATTAI V. (2005), “Passaggio in India per le multinazionali italiane”, Economia e Politica Industriale, n. 1, pp. 151-164.
GHEMAWAT P. (2009), Ridefinire la strategia globale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
GRANT R.M. (1996), “Towards a knowledge-based theory of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17.
HENISZ W.J. (2003), “The power of the Buckley and Casson thesis: the ability to manage institutional idiosyncrasies”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 173-184.
HENNART J.F., LARIMO J. (1998), “The impact of culture on the strategy of multinational enterprises: does national origin affect ownership decisions?”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 29, n. 3, pp. 515-538.
HERMELO F.D., VASSOLO R. (2010), “Institutional Development and Hyper-competition in Emerging Economies”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 31, pp. 1457-1473.
HILL C.W.L (2008)., International Business, Hoepli, Milano.
HILL C.W.L., HWANG P., CHAN K.W. (1990), “An Eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 11, n. 2, 117-128.
HOSKISSON R.E., EDEN L., LAU C.M., WRIGHT M. (2000), “Strategy in emerging economies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, pp. 249-267.
HYMER S.H. (1976), A study of direct foreign investment, MIT Press, Cambridge.
IACOBUCCI D., SPIGARELLI F. (2007), “I processi di internazionalizzazione delle medie imprese italiane”, L’industria, vol. 28, n. 4, pp. 625-652.
INTESA-SAN PAOLO (2011), “Struttura e performance delle esportazioni: Italia e Germania a confronto”, Servizio studi e ricerche, Luglio.
ISTAT (2011), Rapporto Annuale. La situazione del Paese nel 2010, Roma.
JOHANSON J., VAHLNE J.E. (1977), “The internationalization process of the firm - a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 8, n. 1.
KLEIN S., FRAZIER G.L., ROTH V.J. (1990), “A transaction cost analysis model of channel integration in international markets”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 27, pp. 196-208.
KNIGHT G. A., CAVUSGIL S.T. (1996), “The born global firm: a challenge to traditional internationalization theory”, Advances in International Marketing, vol. 8, pp. 11-26.
KWON Y-C., HU M.Y. (2004), “Influences of liabilities of foreignness on form’s choice of internationalization process”, Journal of Global Marketing, vol. 17, n. 2/3, pp. 45-53.
MAGGIORE G., RESCINITI R. (2006), “Strategie di valorizzazione del Made in Italy e trading up. Il caso Marinella”, III Convegno annuale della Società di Marketing, Il marketing delle medie imprese leader di mercato, Parma, 24-25 novembre.
MAHAJAN V., BANGA K. (2006), The 86% solution. How to succeed in the biggest market opportunities of the Next 50 Years, Wharton School Publishing, Pennsylvania.
MARIOTTI S., MUTINELLI M. (2009), “L’evoluzione delle imprese multinazionali italiane e il ruolo del quarto capitalismo”, Economia e politica industriale, n. 1. pp. 123-134.
MATARAZZO M., RESCINITI R. (2010), “Studies on firms’ internationalisation in Italian journals: themes, trends and future directions”, Economia e politica industriale, vol. 37, n. 4, 2010, pp. 69-109.
MATTIACCI A. (2009), Nicchie e competitività, Carocci, Roma.
MCKINSEY GLOBAL INSTITUTE (2012), Debt and deleveraging: uneven progress on the path to growth, January.
MEDIOBANCA (2012), Le medie imprese industriali italiane 2000-2009, Milano.
MEYER K.E. (2007), “Asian contexts and the search for general theory in management research: a rejoinder”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 24, pp. 527-534.
MEYER K.E., ESTRIN S., KUMAR BHAUMIK S., PENG M.W. (2009), “Institutions, resources and entry strategies in emerging economies”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 30, pp. 61-80.
MUSSO F. (2003), Le relazioni con i mercati esteri delle imprese produttrici di mobili. Sistemi distrettuali e canali distributivi, Trieste, Edizioni Goliardiche.
NAKOS G., BROUTHERS K.D. (2002), “Entry mode choice of SMEs in Central and Eastern Europe”, EntrepreneurshipTheory and Practice, vol. 27, pp. 47-63.
PAN Y., TSE D.K. (2000), “The hierarchical model of market entry modes”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 31, n. 4, pp. 535-554.
PENCARELLI T., D’ANGELO P. (2007), “Case study: a strategy of external growth (franchising) of a small web-based sports business in the USA”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, vol. 20, n. 2, pp. 147-171.
PEPE C. (2003), “Connotati organizzativi dell’impresa per il mercato globale”, Sinergie, n. 60, pp. 103-128.
PEPE C., ZUCCHELLA A. (2009), L’internazionalizzazione delle imprese italiane: contributi di ricerca, Il Mulino, Bologna.
PRAHALAD C.K., HAMEL G. (1990), “The core competence of the corporation”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, n. 3.
RESCINITI R., TUNISINI A. (2009), “Internazionalizzazione”, in Varaldo R., Dalli D., Resciniti R., Tunisini A., (a cura di), Un tesoro emergente: le medie imprese italiane dell’era globale, Franco Angeli, Milano.
ROOT F.R. (1994), Entry Strategies for International Markets, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA.
RULLANI E. (2006), “L’internazionalizzazione invisibile”, Sinergie, n. 69, gen-apr, pp. 3-32.
SILVERSTEIN M., FISKE N. (2004), Trading Up: la rivoluzione del lusso accessibile, ETAS, Milano.
SILVESTRELLI S. (2001), “Globalizzazione dei mercati e strategie di internazionalizzazione delle piccole e medie imprese: risultati di ricerca e riflessioni critiche”, Sinergie, Quaderno di ricerca, n. 13, pp. 143-170.
SIMON H., ZATTA D. (2011), “Trend economici del futuro”, Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano.
STOPFORD J., WELLS L. (1972), Managing the Multinational Enterprise, Basic Books, New York.
TAYLOR C.R., ZOU S., OSLAND G.E. (1998), “A transaction cost perspective on foreign market entry strategies of US and Japanese firms”, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 40. n. 4, 389-412.
TEECE D.J., PISANO G., SHUEN A. (1997), “Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, n. 7, 1997.
THE ROYAL SOCIETY (2011), Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century.
TREVISAN I. (2001), “I modelli di approccio incrementale ai mercati esteri e i percorsi di internazionalizzazione delle imprese minori”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, vol. 14, pp. 49-63.
VALDANI E., BERTOLI G., Mercati internazionali e marketing, Egea, Milano, 2010.
VANNONI D., RAZZOLINI T. (2009), “Strategie di export passivo, produzione su commessa e performance”, L’industria, vol. 30, n. 3, pp. 437-465.
VARALDO R., DALLI D., RESCINITI R., TUNISINI A. (2009), (a cura di), Un tesoro emergente: le medie imprese italiane dell’era globale, Franco Angeli, Milano.
VARALDO R., REY (2011), “Crescita economica, internazionalizzazione e rinnovamento imprenditoriale in Italia”, Economia Italiana, vol. 3, , pp. 749-789.
VERNON R. (1966), “International investment and international trade in the product cycle”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, n. 2.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1975), Markets and hierarchies: analysis and antitrust implications: a study in the economics of internal organizations, The Free Press, New York.
ZHAO H., LUO Y., SUH T. (2004), “Transaction cost determinants and ownership-based entry mode choice: a meta-analytical review”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35, n. 6, pp. 524-544.
ZUCCHELLA A. (2001), “The Internationalization of SMEs: alternative hypotheses and empirical survey”, in TAGGART J. H., BERRY M., MCDERMOTT M. (eds.), Multinationals in a New Era, Basingstoke, Palgrave, pp. 47-60.
ZUCCHELLA A. (2002), “Born global versus gradually internationalizing firms: an analysis based on the italian case”, 28th EIBA Conference Regional Integration, Agglomeration and International Business, Atene, Grecia, 8-10 Dicembre.
ZUCCHELLA A., MACCARINI M. E. (1999), I nuovi percorsi di internazionalizzazione. Le strategie delle piccole e medie imprese, Milano, Giuffrè.
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2020-03-26
