Interorganisational networks and proximity: an analysis of R&D networks for cultural goods
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s101.2016.04Keywords:
inter-organisational network, R&D; proximity, cultural goods, statistical analysisAbstract
Purpose of the paper: The aim of this study is to measure the impact of various dimensions of proximity to form innovation networks.
Methodology: We use a novel statistical methodology for modelling networks based on a well-studied class of models called exponential-family random graph models.
Findings: Results underline the importance of various forms of proximity in the formation of innovation networks and the potential of the novel methodology to study large and complex networks in innovation studies and R&D management.
Research limits: The research is mainly quantitative and contributes to the debate measuring the role and importance of various forms of proximity in innovation networks. Further analysis of how firms choose their partners is needed. Moreover, the analysis should be expanded to other contexts and industries in order to be able to generalise results.
Practical implications: The work points out managerial implications in innovation studies and R&D management in order to guide firms when choosing their partners and forming a network.
Originality of the paper: The study contributes to the debate on innovation network literature and tests a novel methodology to analyse large and complex inter-organisational networks.
References
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BERGENHOLTZ C., WALDSTRØM C. (2011), “Inter-Organizational Network Studies - A Literature Review”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 18, n. 6, pp. 539-562.
BONACCORSI A., PICCALUGA A. (1994), “A theoretical framework for University-Industry relations”, R&D Management, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 229-247.
BOSCHMA R. (2005), “Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment”, Regional Studies, vol. 39, n. 1, pp. 61-74.
BROEKEL T., HARTOG M. (2013), “Explaining the structure of inter-organizational networks using exponential random graph models”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 20, n. 3, pp. 277-295.
CAMPANELLA F., DELLA PERUTA M.R., BRESCIANI S., DEZI L. (2016), “Quadruple Helix and firms’ performance: an empirical verification in Europe”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, first-on-line, pp. 1-18, doi:10.1007/s10961-016-9500-9.
CANTÙ C. (2010), “Exploring the role of spatial relationships to transform knowledge in a business idea-Beyond a geographic proximity”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 39, n. 6, pp. 887-897.
CAPALDO A. (2015), Strategia, reti di imprese e capacità relazionali, Cedam, Padova.
CAPALDO A., PETRUZZELLI A.M. (2014), “Partner Geographic and Organizational Proximity and the Innovative Performance of Knowledge‐Creating Alliances”, European Management Review, vol. 11, n. 1, pp. 63-84.
CAPONE F. (2016), Open innovation, dinamiche relazionali e strategia, Giappichelli, Torino.
CASANUEVA C., CASTRO I., GALÁN J.L. (2013), “Informational networks and innovation in mature industrial clusters”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, n. 5, pp. 603-613.
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COHEN W.M., LEVINTHAL D.A. (1990), “Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35, pp. 128-153.
CONTRACTOR N.S., WASSERMAN S., FAUST K. (2006), “Testing Multitheoretical, Multilevel Hypotheses about Organizational Networks”, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 31, n. 3, pp. 681-703.
DAGNINO G.B., LEVANTI G., MINA’ A., PICONE P.A. (2015), “Interorganizational network and innovation: a bibliometric study and proposed research agenda”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, vol. 30, n. 3/4, pp. 354 - 377.
DE STEFANO D., ZACCARIN S. (2013), “Modelling multiple interactions in science and technology networks”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 20, n. 3, pp. 221-240.
DEZI L., SIMONI M., SCHIAVONE F. (2011), “Competitività dei cluster europei e localizzazione dell’attività brevettuale: un’indagine empirica”, Sinergie, n. 83, pp. 99-115.
ETZKOWITZ H., LEYDESDORFF L. (2000), “The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations”, Research Policy, vol. 29, n. 2, pp. 109-123.
FRENKEL A., ISRAEL E., MAITAL S. (2015), “The evolution of innovation networks and spin-off entrepreneurship: The case of RAD”, European Planning Studies, vol. 23, n. 8, pp. 1646-1670.
GIULIANI E. (2013), “Network dynamics in regional clusters: Evidence from Chile”, Research Policy, vol. 42, n. 8, pp. 1406-1419.
GRANOVETTER M. (1973), “The strength of weak ties”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 78 , n. 6, pp. 1360-1380.
HUNTER D.R., HANDCOCK M.S., BUTTS C.T. GOODREAU S.M., MORRIS M. (2008), “ERGM: A Package to Fit, Simulate and Diagnose Exponential-Family Models for Networks”, Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 1-29.
HOHBERGER J. (2014), “Searching for emerging knowledge: the influence of collaborative and geographically proximate search”, European Management Review, vol. 11, n. 2, pp. 139-157.
IRPET (2012), Il settore dell’alta tecnologia applicata ai beni culturali in Toscana, IRPET, Firenze.
JOHANSON M., LUNDBERG H. (2007), “The impact of geographical proximity and technology on firms’ R&D operations”, Finanza, Marketing e Produzione, n. 1, pp. 123-138.
KASTELLE T., STEEN J. (2014), “Networks of innovation”, in Dodgson M., Gann D.M., Phillips N. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management (pp. 102-120), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
KNOBEN J., OERLEMANS L.A.G. (2006), “Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration: A literature review”, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 71-89.
LAZZERETTI L., CAPONE F. (2016), “R&D networks in High Technology applied to Cultural Goods. A Social Network Analysis”, Sinergie, vol. 34, n. 99, pp. 75-99.
LAZZERETTI L., CAPONE F., CINTI T. (2011), “Open innovation in city of art: The case of laser in conservation of artworks in Florence”, City, Culture and Society, vol. 2, n. 3, pp. 159-68.
LOVE J.H., ROPER S. (2009), “Organizing innovation: complementarities between cross-functional teams”, Technovation, vol. 29, n. 3, pp. 192-203.
LUSHER D., KOSKINEN J., ROBINS G. (2013), Exponential Random Graph Models for Social Networks: Theory, Methods, and applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MCPHERSON M., SMITH-LOVIN L., COOK J.M. (2001), “Birds of a Feather Homophily in Social Networks”, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 27, n. 1, pp. 415-44.
MOLINA-MORALES F.X., GARCÍA-VILLAVERDE P.M., PARRA-REQUENA G. (2014), “Geographical and cognitive proximity effects on innovation performance in SMEs: a way through knowledge acquisition”, International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, vol. 10, n. 2, pp. 231-251.
MOLINA-MORALES F.X., BELSO-MARTINEZ J.A., MAS-VERDÙ F., MARTINEZ-CHÀFER L. (2015), “Formation and dissolution on inter-firm linkages in lengthy and stable networks in clusters”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 68, n. 7, pp. 1557-1562.
MORRISON A., BALLAND P.A., BELSO-MARTÍNEZ A.J. (2014), “The Dynamics of Technical and Business Networks in Industrial Clusters: Embeddedness, status or proximity?”, Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, n. 14.12, Utrecht University.
MUSCIO A. (2006), “Patterns of innovation in industrial districts: an empirical analysis”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 13, n. 3., pp. 291-312.
NOOTEBOOM B. (2000), Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies, Oxford University press, Oxford.
PICCALUGA A., CESARONI F. (2003), (eds), Distretti industriali e distretti tecnologici. Modelli possibili per il Mezzogiorno, Franco Angeli, Milano.
PINA-STRANGER A., LAZEGA E. (2010), “Inter-organisational collective learning: the case of biotechnology in France”, European Journal of International Management, vol. 4, n. 6, pp. 602-620.
POWELL W.W., GRODAL S. (2005), “Networks of Innovators”, in Fagerberg J., Mowery D.C., Nelson R.R. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 56-85.
PRESUTTI M., BOARI C., MAJOCCHI A. (2011), “The Importance of Proximity for the Start‐Ups’ Knowledge Acquisition and Exploitation”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 49, n 3, pp. 361-389.
RITTER T., GEMUNDEN H.G. (2003), “Inter-organizational relationships and networks: An overview”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 56, n. 9, pp. 691-697.
RULLANI E. (2013), “Territori in transizione: nuove reti e nuove identità per le economie e le società locali”, Sinergie, n. 91, pp. 141-163.
SALIMBENI R. (2012), “The Technology District for Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Cities in Tuscany”, Salone dell”Arte e del Restauro di Firenze, 8th November 2012, Florence.
SCIARELLI M., TANI M. (2014), “La Social Network Analysis per lo studio dell’innovazione nelle reti di imprese”, Sinergie Quaderni, n. 17, pp. 87-104.
SNIJDERS T.A.B., VAN DE BUNT G.G., STEGLICH C. (2010), “Introduction to actor-based models for network dynamics”, Social Networks, vol. 32, n. 1, pp. 44-60.
TALLMAN S., JENKINS M., HENRY N., PINCH S. (2004), “Knowledge, clusters, and competitive advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 29, n. 2, pp. 258-271.
TORRE A. (2011), “The role of proximity during long-distance collaborative projects. Temporary geographical proximity helps”, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, vol. 73, n. 1, pp. 213-230.
VAN DER VALK T., GIJSBERS G. (2010), “The Use of Social Network Analysis in Innovation Studies: Mapping Actors and Technologies”, Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice, vol. 12, n. 1, pp. 5-17.
WASSERMAN S., FAUST K. (1994), Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, New York.
WASSERMAN S., PATTISON P. (1996), “Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks. I: An introduction to Markov graphs and p*”, Psychometrika, vol. 60, n. 3, pp. 401-425.
ZANNI L., PUCCI T. (2012), “Capacità interne, relazioni esterne e performance in un cluster emergente: un’analisi empirica nel settore Life Sciences”, Conference proceedings of the XXIV Sinergie Conference, 18-19 Ottobre 2012, Università del Salento (Lecce).
BAGLIERI D., BELUSSI, F., ORSI L. (2016), “Partnering strategies in biotech firms”, in Belussi F., Orsi L. (2016), Innovation, Alliances, and Networks in High-Tech Environments, Routledge, London, pp. 66-85.
BALLAND P.A. (2012), “Proximity and the evolution of collaboration networks: Evidence from research and development projects within the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) industry”, Research Policy, vol. 46, n. 6, pp. 741-756.
BATHELT H., MALMBERG A., MASKELL P. (2004), “Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation”, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 28, n. 1, pp. 31-56.
BELL G.G. (2005), “Clusters, networks, and firm innovativeness”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 26, pp. 287.
BEN LETAIFA S., RABEAU Y. (2013), “Too close to collaborate? How geographic, proximity could impede entrepreneurship and innovation”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, n. 10, pp. 2071-78.
BERGENHOLTZ C., WALDSTRØM C. (2011), “Inter-Organizational Network Studies - A Literature Review”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 18, n. 6, pp. 539-562.
BONACCORSI A., PICCALUGA A. (1994), “A theoretical framework for University-Industry relations”, R&D Management, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 229-247.
BOSCHMA R. (2005), “Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment”, Regional Studies, vol. 39, n. 1, pp. 61-74.
BROEKEL T., HARTOG M. (2013), “Explaining the structure of inter-organizational networks using exponential random graph models”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 20, n. 3, pp. 277-295.
CAMPANELLA F., DELLA PERUTA M.R., BRESCIANI S., DEZI L. (2016), “Quadruple Helix and firms’ performance: an empirical verification in Europe”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, first-on-line, pp. 1-18, doi:10.1007/s10961-016-9500-9.
CANTÙ C. (2010), “Exploring the role of spatial relationships to transform knowledge in a business idea-Beyond a geographic proximity”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 39, n. 6, pp. 887-897.
CAPALDO A. (2015), Strategia, reti di imprese e capacità relazionali, Cedam, Padova.
CAPALDO A., PETRUZZELLI A.M. (2014), “Partner Geographic and Organizational Proximity and the Innovative Performance of Knowledge‐Creating Alliances”, European Management Review, vol. 11, n. 1, pp. 63-84.
CAPONE F. (2016), Open innovation, dinamiche relazionali e strategia, Giappichelli, Torino.
CASANUEVA C., CASTRO I., GALÁN J.L. (2013), “Informational networks and innovation in mature industrial clusters”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, n. 5, pp. 603-613.
CASPRINI E., PUCCI T., ZANNI L. (2014), “Business model shifts : a case study on firms that apply high technology to cultural goods”, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 171-187.
COHEN W.M., LEVINTHAL D.A. (1990), “Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35, pp. 128-153.
CONTRACTOR N.S., WASSERMAN S., FAUST K. (2006), “Testing Multitheoretical, Multilevel Hypotheses about Organizational Networks”, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 31, n. 3, pp. 681-703.
DAGNINO G.B., LEVANTI G., MINA’ A., PICONE P.A. (2015), “Interorganizational network and innovation: a bibliometric study and proposed research agenda”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, vol. 30, n. 3/4, pp. 354 - 377.
DE STEFANO D., ZACCARIN S. (2013), “Modelling multiple interactions in science and technology networks”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 20, n. 3, pp. 221-240.
DEZI L., SIMONI M., SCHIAVONE F. (2011), “Competitività dei cluster europei e localizzazione dell’attività brevettuale: un’indagine empirica”, Sinergie, n. 83, pp. 99-115.
ETZKOWITZ H., LEYDESDORFF L. (2000), “The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations”, Research Policy, vol. 29, n. 2, pp. 109-123.
FRENKEL A., ISRAEL E., MAITAL S. (2015), “The evolution of innovation networks and spin-off entrepreneurship: The case of RAD”, European Planning Studies, vol. 23, n. 8, pp. 1646-1670.
GIULIANI E. (2013), “Network dynamics in regional clusters: Evidence from Chile”, Research Policy, vol. 42, n. 8, pp. 1406-1419.
GRANOVETTER M. (1973), “The strength of weak ties”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 78 , n. 6, pp. 1360-1380.
HUNTER D.R., HANDCOCK M.S., BUTTS C.T. GOODREAU S.M., MORRIS M. (2008), “ERGM: A Package to Fit, Simulate and Diagnose Exponential-Family Models for Networks”, Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 1-29.
HOHBERGER J. (2014), “Searching for emerging knowledge: the influence of collaborative and geographically proximate search”, European Management Review, vol. 11, n. 2, pp. 139-157.
IRPET (2012), Il settore dell’alta tecnologia applicata ai beni culturali in Toscana, IRPET, Firenze.
JOHANSON M., LUNDBERG H. (2007), “The impact of geographical proximity and technology on firms’ R&D operations”, Finanza, Marketing e Produzione, n. 1, pp. 123-138.
KASTELLE T., STEEN J. (2014), “Networks of innovation”, in Dodgson M., Gann D.M., Phillips N. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management (pp. 102-120), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
KNOBEN J., OERLEMANS L.A.G. (2006), “Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration: A literature review”, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 71-89.
LAZZERETTI L., CAPONE F. (2016), “R&D networks in High Technology applied to Cultural Goods. A Social Network Analysis”, Sinergie, vol. 34, n. 99, pp. 75-99.
LAZZERETTI L., CAPONE F., CINTI T. (2011), “Open innovation in city of art: The case of laser in conservation of artworks in Florence”, City, Culture and Society, vol. 2, n. 3, pp. 159-68.
LOVE J.H., ROPER S. (2009), “Organizing innovation: complementarities between cross-functional teams”, Technovation, vol. 29, n. 3, pp. 192-203.
LUSHER D., KOSKINEN J., ROBINS G. (2013), Exponential Random Graph Models for Social Networks: Theory, Methods, and applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MCPHERSON M., SMITH-LOVIN L., COOK J.M. (2001), “Birds of a Feather Homophily in Social Networks”, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 27, n. 1, pp. 415-44.
MOLINA-MORALES F.X., GARCÍA-VILLAVERDE P.M., PARRA-REQUENA G. (2014), “Geographical and cognitive proximity effects on innovation performance in SMEs: a way through knowledge acquisition”, International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, vol. 10, n. 2, pp. 231-251.
MOLINA-MORALES F.X., BELSO-MARTINEZ J.A., MAS-VERDÙ F., MARTINEZ-CHÀFER L. (2015), “Formation and dissolution on inter-firm linkages in lengthy and stable networks in clusters”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 68, n. 7, pp. 1557-1562.
MORRISON A., BALLAND P.A., BELSO-MARTÍNEZ A.J. (2014), “The Dynamics of Technical and Business Networks in Industrial Clusters: Embeddedness, status or proximity?”, Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, n. 14.12, Utrecht University.
MUSCIO A. (2006), “Patterns of innovation in industrial districts: an empirical analysis”, Industry and Innovation, vol. 13, n. 3., pp. 291-312.
NOOTEBOOM B. (2000), Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies, Oxford University press, Oxford.
PICCALUGA A., CESARONI F. (2003), (eds), Distretti industriali e distretti tecnologici. Modelli possibili per il Mezzogiorno, Franco Angeli, Milano.
PINA-STRANGER A., LAZEGA E. (2010), “Inter-organisational collective learning: the case of biotechnology in France”, European Journal of International Management, vol. 4, n. 6, pp. 602-620.
POWELL W.W., GRODAL S. (2005), “Networks of Innovators”, in Fagerberg J., Mowery D.C., Nelson R.R. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 56-85.
PRESUTTI M., BOARI C., MAJOCCHI A. (2011), “The Importance of Proximity for the Start‐Ups’ Knowledge Acquisition and Exploitation”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 49, n 3, pp. 361-389.
RITTER T., GEMUNDEN H.G. (2003), “Inter-organizational relationships and networks: An overview”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 56, n. 9, pp. 691-697.
RULLANI E. (2013), “Territori in transizione: nuove reti e nuove identità per le economie e le società locali”, Sinergie, n. 91, pp. 141-163.
SALIMBENI R. (2012), “The Technology District for Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Cities in Tuscany”, Salone dell”Arte e del Restauro di Firenze, 8th November 2012, Florence.
SCIARELLI M., TANI M. (2014), “La Social Network Analysis per lo studio dell’innovazione nelle reti di imprese”, Sinergie Quaderni, n. 17, pp. 87-104.
SNIJDERS T.A.B., VAN DE BUNT G.G., STEGLICH C. (2010), “Introduction to actor-based models for network dynamics”, Social Networks, vol. 32, n. 1, pp. 44-60.
TALLMAN S., JENKINS M., HENRY N., PINCH S. (2004), “Knowledge, clusters, and competitive advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 29, n. 2, pp. 258-271.
TORRE A. (2011), “The role of proximity during long-distance collaborative projects. Temporary geographical proximity helps”, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, vol. 73, n. 1, pp. 213-230.
VAN DER VALK T., GIJSBERS G. (2010), “The Use of Social Network Analysis in Innovation Studies: Mapping Actors and Technologies”, Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice, vol. 12, n. 1, pp. 5-17.
WASSERMAN S., FAUST K. (1994), Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, New York.
WASSERMAN S., PATTISON P. (1996), “Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks. I: An introduction to Markov graphs and p*”, Psychometrika, vol. 60, n. 3, pp. 401-425.
ZANNI L., PUCCI T. (2012), “Capacità interne, relazioni esterne e performance in un cluster emergente: un’analisi empirica nel settore Life Sciences”, Conference proceedings of the XXIV Sinergie Conference, 18-19 Ottobre 2012, Università del Salento (Lecce).
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2016-12-22
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