Sustainability through energy efficiency: An Italian perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s96.2015.06Keywords:
energy efficiency gap, technology, energy management, distributed generation, smart grids, result-based incentivesAbstract
Purpose of the paper: Firms’ efficient use of energy contributes to social, environmental and economic sustainability, as well as to their competitiveness. The discrepancy between optimal and actual implementation of energy efficiency measures has been described in literature as the ‘energy efficiency gap’. Recently, some scholars have related this gap to both technology and energy management, thus introducing, an ‘extended energy efficiency gap’. Given these premises, this study investigates the extended energy efficiency gap from the perspective of the Italian small and medium industrial enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, it intends to identify possible solutions to overcome the major barriers to energy efficiency, in terms of technology investments and energy management.
Methodology: This is a conceptual study which adopts a solution-building approach based on literature review and secondary data analysis.
Research findings: This study proposes a framework that can be used to explore and reduce the extended energy efficiency gap for Italian industrial SMEs. The possible solutions to improve energy efficiency include distributed generation, cluster energy management, result-based economic incentives and smart grids.
Research limits: Qualitative and quantitative studies should be conducted to further investigation of the major barriers of efficiency, as perceived by SMEs. Households’ and policy makers’ perspectives could also be addressed in future studies.
Practical implications: This study suggests that, through collaboration, firms could improve their energy efficiency, thus increasing their economic sustainability and competitiveness. Moreover, policy makers should encourage energy efficiency through result-based incentives and the development of smart grids.
Originality of the paper: This is one of very few studies that address the extended energy efficiency gap for Italian SMEs. Additionally, it proposes a framework of analysis that takes into account the relationship between barriers and efficiency gap levels.
References
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BACKLUND S., THOLLANDER P., PALM J., OTTOSSON M. (2012), “Extending the energy efficiency gap”, Energy Policy, vol. 51, pp. 392-396.
BECATTINI G., RULLANI E. (1993), “Sistema locale e mercato globale”, Economia e politica industriale, n. 80, pp. 25-48.
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GORDIĆ D., BABIĆ M., JOVIČIĆ N., ŠUŠTERŠIČ V., KONČALOVIĆ D. JELIĆ D. (2010), “Development of energy management system-Case study of Serbian car manufacturer”, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 51, n. 12, pp. 2783-2790.
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GSE (MONTANINO G.), “Stato attuale: analisi e governance dell’efficienza energetica”, Verona Efficiency Summit, 9 ottobre 2013.
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HIRST E., BROWN M. (1990), “Closing the efficiency gap: barriers to the efficient use of energy”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 3, n. 4, pp. 267-281.
ISTITUTO PER LA COMPETITIVITÀ (I-COM), (2014), Rapporto I-Com 2014 sull’innovazione energetica, retrive from http://www.i-com.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/rapporto_i-com_2014_sull_innovazione_energetica.pdf, 30
JAFFE A.B., STAVINS R.N. (1994), “The energy-efficiency gap. What does it mean?”, Energy policy, vol. 22, n. 10, pp. 804-810.
KHADEMVATANI A., GORDON D.V. (2013), “A marginal measure of energy efficiency: The shadow value”, Energy Economics, n. 38, pp. 153-159.
KOOPMANS C.C., TE VELDE D.W. (2001), “Bridging the energy efficiency gap: using bottom-up information in a top-down energy demand model”, Energy economics, vol. 23, n. 1, 57-75.
KRAUSE F. (2004), The potential for more efficient electricity use in Italy, Report to Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente, Rome.
LIUČVAITIENĖ A., PELECKIS K., SLAVINSKAITĖ N., LIMBA T. (2013), “Theoretical Models of Business Competitiveness: Formation and Evaluation”, Strategic Management Review, vol. 1, n. 1, pp. 31-44.
MARTÍNEZ C.I., SILVEIRA S. (2012), “Analysis of energy use and CO2 emission in service industries: Evidence from Sweden”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, n. 7, pp. 5285-5294.
MCKEIVER C., GADENNE D. (2005), “Environmental management systems in small and medium businesses”, International Small Business Journal, vol. 23, n. 5, pp. 513-537.
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NAGESHA N. (2008), “Role of energy efficiency in sustainable development of small-scale industry clusters: an empirical study”, Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 12, n. 3, pp. 34-39.
PALM J., THOLLANDER P. (2010), “An interdisciplinary perspective on industrial energy efficiency”, Applied Energy, vol. 87, n. 10, pp. 3255-3261.
PANATI G., GOLINELLI G.M. (1991), Tecnica economica industriale e commerciale, La Nuova Italia Scientifica, Roma.
PATTERSON M.G. (1996), “What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators, and methodological issues”, Energy Policy, vol. 24, pp. 377-390.
PONS M., BIKFALVI A., LLACH J., PALCIC I. (2013), “Exploring the impact of energy efficiency technologies on manufacturing firm performance”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 52, pp. 134-144.
PORTER M.E. (1990), “The competitive advantage of nations”, Harvard Business Review, March-April, pp. 73-93.
PORTER M.E. (1998), “Clusters and the new economics of competition”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 76, n. 6, pp. 77-90.
ROHDIN P., THOLLANDER P. (2006), “Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden”, Energy, vol. 31, n. 12, pp. 1836-1844.
ROHDIN P., THOLLANDER P., SOLDING P. (2007), “Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry”, Energy Policy, vol. 35, n. 1, pp. 672-677.
SIANO A. (2012), “La comunicazione per la sostenibilità nel management delle imprese”, Sinergie, n. 89, pp. 3-23.
SORRELL S., SCHLEICH J., SCOTT S., O’MALLY E., TRACE F., BOEDE U., OSTERTAG K., RADGEN P. (2000), Reducing barriers to energy efficiency in public and private organizations, Science and Policy Technology Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK.
TESTA F. (1993), Le dinamiche competitive nel settore della calzetteria femminile, Cedam, Padova.
TESTA F., FANELLI T. (2012), “A proposito di strategia energetica nazionale”, Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment, I quadrimestre, pp. 19-41.
TESTA F., VIGOLO V. (2014), “Sostenibilità ambientale, tecnico ingegneristica, economica: la nuova sfida per il sistema energetico italiano”, Management delle utilities e delle infrastrutture, n. 3, pp. 12-18.
THOLLANDER P., BACKLUND S., TRIANNI A., CAGNO E. (2013), “Beyond barriers-A case study on driving forces for improved energy efficiency in the foundry industries in Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Sweden”, Applied Energy, vol. 111, pp. 636-643.
THOLLANDER P., DANESTIG M., ROHDIN P. (2007), “Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency: evaluation of a local energy program for manufacturing SMEs”, Energy Policy, vol. 35, n. 11, pp. 5774-5783.
THOLLANDER P., OTTOSSON M. (2008), “An energy-efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry - exploring barriers to and driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments”, Energy Efficiency, vol. 1, n. 1, pp. 21-34.
TRIANNI A., CAGNO E. (2012), “Dealing with barriers to energy efficiency and SMEs: some empirical evidences”, Energy, vol. 37, n. 1, pp. 494-504.
TRIANNI A., CAGNO E., WORRELL E., PUGLIESE G. (2013), “Empirical investigation of energy efficiency barriers in Italian manufacturing SMEs”, Energy, vol. 49, pp. 444-458.
UGOLINI M. (1995), La natura dei rapporti tra imprese nel settore delle calze per donna, Cedam, Padova.
VIRKKI-HATAKKA T., LUORANEN M., IKÄVALKO M. (2013), “Differences in perception: How the experts look at energy efficiency (findings from a Finnish survey”, Energy Policy, vol. 60, pp. 499-508.
WEBER L. (1997), “Some reflections on barriers to the efficient use of energy”, Energy Policy, vol. 25, n. 10, pp. 833-835.
WORRELL E., LAITNER J.A., RUTH M., FINMAN H. (2003), “Productivity benefits of industrial energy efficiency measures”, Energy, vol. 28, n. 11, pp. 1081-1098.
ANDERSON G. (1994), “Industry clustering for economic development”, Economic Development Review, vol. 12, n. 2, pp. 26-32.
ANG B.W. (2006), “Monitoring changes in economy-wide energy efficiency: from energy-gdp ratio to composite efficiency index”, Energy Policy, vol. 34, pp. 574-582.
AUTORITÀ PER L’ENERGIA ELETTRICA, IL GAS E IL SISTEMA IDRICO (2014), Relazione annuale sullo stato dei servizi e sull’attività svolta, vol. 1 [accessed online 30 January 2015 at]: http://www.autorita.energia.it/allegati/relaz_ann/14/RAVolumeI_2014.pdf
BACCARANI C., GOLINELLI G.M. (2008), “The Entrepreneur and the Frontiers of Complexity”, Sinergie, n. 75, Gennaio-Aprile, pp. V-X.
BACCARANI C., TESTA F., UGOLINI M. (1993), “Le scelte competitive nell’evoluzione delle attese sociali”, Sinergie, n. 31, Maggio-Agosto.
BACKLUND S., THOLLANDER P., PALM J., OTTOSSON M. (2012), “Extending the energy efficiency gap”, Energy Policy, vol. 51, pp. 392-396.
BECATTINI G., RULLANI E. (1993), “Sistema locale e mercato globale”, Economia e politica industriale, n. 80, pp. 25-48.
BECKMANN M., HIELSCHER S., PIES I. (2014), “Commitment Strategies for Sustainability: How Business Firms Can Transform Trade‐Offs Into Win-Win Outcomes”, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 23, n. 1, pp. 18-37.
BELUSSI F., PILOTTI L. (2002), “Learning and innovation by networking within the Italian industrial districts: the development of an explorative analytical model”, Sinergie, n. 58, pp. 3-43.
BLACKBURN W.R. (2012), The Sustainability Handbook: The Complete Management Guide to Achieving Social. Economic and Environmental Responsibility, Routledge, London.
BLOMBERG J., HENRIKSSON E., LUNDMARK R. (2012), “Energy efficiency and policy in Swedish pulp and paper mills: a data envelopment analysis approach”, Energy Policy, vol. 42, pp. 569-579.
BOONS F., MONTALVO C., QUIST J., WAGNER M. (2013), “Sustainable innovation. business models and economic performance: an overview”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 45, pp. 1-8.
BUNSE K., VODICKA M., SCHÖNSLEBEN P., BRÜLHART M., ERNST F.O. (2011), “Integrating energy efficiency performance in production management–gap analysis between industrial needs and scientific literature”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 19, n. 6, pp. 667-679.
CERIS-CNR (2011), Lo stato dell’arte sulle smart grid: orientamenti, attori, prospettive, Rapporto Tecnico, n. 36.
CONFINDUSRIA (2013), Smart Energy Project, [accessed online 30 May 2014 at]: http://www.qualenergia.it/sites/default/files/articolo-doc/Smart%20Energy%20Project_Executive%20Summary%2001_10_13.pdf.
CRANE A., MATTEN D. (2007), Business Ethics, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York.
DECANIO S.J. (1998), “The efficiency paradox: bureaucratic and organizational barriers to profitable energy-saving investments”, Energy Policy, vol. 26, n. 5, pp. 441-454.
DECANIO S.J., WATKINS W.E. (1998), “Investment in energy efficiency: do the characteristics of firms matter?”, Review of economics and statistics, vol. 80, n. 1, pp. 95-107.
DERVITSIOTIS K.N. (2014), “Cultivating total innovation for operational and adaptation excellence”, Sinergie, n. 93, pp. 19-31.
DURAIRAJ S.K., ONG S.K., NEE A.Y., TAN R.B. (2002), “Evaluation of life cycle cost analysis methodologies”, Corporate Environmental Strategy, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 30-39.
ENEA (2007), Rapporto energia e ambiente 2006.
ENEA (2008), Rapporto energia e ambiente 2009.
ENEA (2014), Rapporto annuale efficienza energetica 2012.
ENERGY LAB (2011), Le Smart Grid per la gestione flessibile della domanda elettrica, Ceced, Milano.
EU-ASE (2015), Letter to J.C. Juncker [accessed online 30 January 2014 at]: http://www.kyotoclub.org/docs/20140716_eu-ase_letter_to_president_juncker.pdf
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2004), EMAS Energy Efficiency Toolkit for Small and Medium sized Enterprises, [accessed online 30 May 2014 at]: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/pdf/general/energyeff_en.pdf
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2006), Directive 2006/32/EC.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2006), European Smart Grids Technology Platform. Vision and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks of the Future, Brussels.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directive 2009/72/EC.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directive 2012/27/EU.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Energy Efficiency Plan 2011.
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2013), Trends and projections in Europe 2013 Tracking progress towards Europe’s climate and energy targets until 2020.
EUROPEAN REGULATORS’ GROUP FOR ELECTRICITY AND GAS (2009), “Position Paper on Smart Grids”, ERGEG public consultation paper - 10 December.
FEDERAZIONE ITALIANA PER L’USO RAZIONALE DELL’ENERGIA - FIRE (2013), Rapporto sugli Energy Manager in Italia: evoluzione del ruolo e statistiche, [accessed online 30 May 2014 at]: http://em.fire-italia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013-11-rapporto-evoluzione-energy-manager.pdf.
GILL J., JOHNSON P. (1991), Research Methods for Managers, Paul Chapman Publishing, London.
GORDIĆ D., BABIĆ M., JOVIČIĆ N., ŠUŠTERŠIČ V., KONČALOVIĆ D. JELIĆ D. (2010), “Development of energy management system-Case study of Serbian car manufacturer”, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 51, n. 12, pp. 2783-2790.
GREGOR S. (2006), “The nature of theory in information systems”, MIS Quarterly, vol. 30, n. 3, pp. 611-642.
GSE (MONTANINO G.), “Stato attuale: analisi e governance dell’efficienza energetica”, Verona Efficiency Summit, 9 ottobre 2013.
HILL E.W., BRENNAN J.F. (2000), “A methodology for identifying the drivers of industrial clusters: the foundation of regional competitive advantage”, Economic Development Quarterly, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 65-96.
HIRST E., BROWN M. (1990), “Closing the efficiency gap: barriers to the efficient use of energy”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 3, n. 4, pp. 267-281.
ISTITUTO PER LA COMPETITIVITÀ (I-COM), (2014), Rapporto I-Com 2014 sull’innovazione energetica, retrive from http://www.i-com.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/rapporto_i-com_2014_sull_innovazione_energetica.pdf, 30
JAFFE A.B., STAVINS R.N. (1994), “The energy-efficiency gap. What does it mean?”, Energy policy, vol. 22, n. 10, pp. 804-810.
KHADEMVATANI A., GORDON D.V. (2013), “A marginal measure of energy efficiency: The shadow value”, Energy Economics, n. 38, pp. 153-159.
KOOPMANS C.C., TE VELDE D.W. (2001), “Bridging the energy efficiency gap: using bottom-up information in a top-down energy demand model”, Energy economics, vol. 23, n. 1, 57-75.
KRAUSE F. (2004), The potential for more efficient electricity use in Italy, Report to Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente, Rome.
LIUČVAITIENĖ A., PELECKIS K., SLAVINSKAITĖ N., LIMBA T. (2013), “Theoretical Models of Business Competitiveness: Formation and Evaluation”, Strategic Management Review, vol. 1, n. 1, pp. 31-44.
MARTÍNEZ C.I., SILVEIRA S. (2012), “Analysis of energy use and CO2 emission in service industries: Evidence from Sweden”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, n. 7, pp. 5285-5294.
MCKEIVER C., GADENNE D. (2005), “Environmental management systems in small and medium businesses”, International Small Business Journal, vol. 23, n. 5, pp. 513-537.
MINISTERO DELLO SVILUPPO ECONOMICO (2013), Strategia Energetica Nazionale: per un’energia più competitiva e sostenibile 1 [accessed online 30 January 2015 at]: http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/images/stories/normativa/20130314_Strategia_Energetica_Nazionale.pdf.
NAGESHA N. (2008), “Role of energy efficiency in sustainable development of small-scale industry clusters: an empirical study”, Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 12, n. 3, pp. 34-39.
PALM J., THOLLANDER P. (2010), “An interdisciplinary perspective on industrial energy efficiency”, Applied Energy, vol. 87, n. 10, pp. 3255-3261.
PANATI G., GOLINELLI G.M. (1991), Tecnica economica industriale e commerciale, La Nuova Italia Scientifica, Roma.
PATTERSON M.G. (1996), “What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators, and methodological issues”, Energy Policy, vol. 24, pp. 377-390.
PONS M., BIKFALVI A., LLACH J., PALCIC I. (2013), “Exploring the impact of energy efficiency technologies on manufacturing firm performance”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 52, pp. 134-144.
PORTER M.E. (1990), “The competitive advantage of nations”, Harvard Business Review, March-April, pp. 73-93.
PORTER M.E. (1998), “Clusters and the new economics of competition”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 76, n. 6, pp. 77-90.
ROHDIN P., THOLLANDER P. (2006), “Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden”, Energy, vol. 31, n. 12, pp. 1836-1844.
ROHDIN P., THOLLANDER P., SOLDING P. (2007), “Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry”, Energy Policy, vol. 35, n. 1, pp. 672-677.
SIANO A. (2012), “La comunicazione per la sostenibilità nel management delle imprese”, Sinergie, n. 89, pp. 3-23.
SORRELL S., SCHLEICH J., SCOTT S., O’MALLY E., TRACE F., BOEDE U., OSTERTAG K., RADGEN P. (2000), Reducing barriers to energy efficiency in public and private organizations, Science and Policy Technology Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK.
TESTA F. (1993), Le dinamiche competitive nel settore della calzetteria femminile, Cedam, Padova.
TESTA F., FANELLI T. (2012), “A proposito di strategia energetica nazionale”, Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment, I quadrimestre, pp. 19-41.
TESTA F., VIGOLO V. (2014), “Sostenibilità ambientale, tecnico ingegneristica, economica: la nuova sfida per il sistema energetico italiano”, Management delle utilities e delle infrastrutture, n. 3, pp. 12-18.
THOLLANDER P., BACKLUND S., TRIANNI A., CAGNO E. (2013), “Beyond barriers-A case study on driving forces for improved energy efficiency in the foundry industries in Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Sweden”, Applied Energy, vol. 111, pp. 636-643.
THOLLANDER P., DANESTIG M., ROHDIN P. (2007), “Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency: evaluation of a local energy program for manufacturing SMEs”, Energy Policy, vol. 35, n. 11, pp. 5774-5783.
THOLLANDER P., OTTOSSON M. (2008), “An energy-efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry - exploring barriers to and driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments”, Energy Efficiency, vol. 1, n. 1, pp. 21-34.
TRIANNI A., CAGNO E. (2012), “Dealing with barriers to energy efficiency and SMEs: some empirical evidences”, Energy, vol. 37, n. 1, pp. 494-504.
TRIANNI A., CAGNO E., WORRELL E., PUGLIESE G. (2013), “Empirical investigation of energy efficiency barriers in Italian manufacturing SMEs”, Energy, vol. 49, pp. 444-458.
UGOLINI M. (1995), La natura dei rapporti tra imprese nel settore delle calze per donna, Cedam, Padova.
VIRKKI-HATAKKA T., LUORANEN M., IKÄVALKO M. (2013), “Differences in perception: How the experts look at energy efficiency (findings from a Finnish survey”, Energy Policy, vol. 60, pp. 499-508.
WEBER L. (1997), “Some reflections on barriers to the efficient use of energy”, Energy Policy, vol. 25, n. 10, pp. 833-835.
WORRELL E., LAITNER J.A., RUTH M., FINMAN H. (2003), “Productivity benefits of industrial energy efficiency measures”, Energy, vol. 28, n. 11, pp. 1081-1098.
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2015-04-29
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