Strategic relationships between manufacturers Back to the future and distributors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s96.2015.10Keywords:
manufacturer-distributor relationships, cooperation, inter-organizational relationshipsAbstract
The aim of this research is to further investigate the strategic nature of the relationships between manufacturers and distributors (a.k.a. the industry and the trade world), in a context where traditional market relations are replaced with cooperation for the advantage of both the industry and trade. After reviewing the existing literature, we will consider how manufacturers and distributors do manage their relationships and we will discuss the various conditions of said cooperation. Our contribution will be concluded by the presentation of the distribution model recently introduced by Olivetti, which offers a significant case study of the development of relationships between manufacturers and distributors.
References
ACHROL R.S., STERN L.W., REVE T. (1983), “The environment of marketing channel dyads: a framework for comparative analysis”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 (Fall), pp. 55-67.
ALDRICH H. (1979), Organizations and environment, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J..
ANDERSON E., COUGHLAN A.T. (1987), “International market entry and expansion via independent or integrated channels of distribution”, Journal of Marketing, n. 51 (January), pp. 7182.
ANDERSSON P., SODERLUND M. (1988), “The network approach to marketing” Irish Marketing Reviev, n. 3, pp. 63-68.
ARNDT J. (1979), “Toward a concept of domesticated markets”, Journal of Marketing, n. 43 (Fall), pp. 69-75.
ARNDT J. (1983), “The political economy paradigm: foundation for theory building in marketing”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 (Fall) .
BADEN FULLER C.W.F. (1986), “Rising concentration. The U.K. grocery trade 1970-1982”, in Pellegrini L., Reddy S.K. (eds), Distributive trades: an international perspective, Franco Angeli, Milano.
BAGOZZI R.P. (1975), “Marketing as exchange”, Journal of Marketing, n. 39 (October), pp. 32-39.
BAGOZZI R.P. (1979), “Toward a formal theory of marketing exchanges”, in Fesrel O.C., Browsl S.W., Lamb C.W. Jr. (eds), Conceptual and theoretical developments in marketing, Chicago, American Marketing Association, pp. 431-447.
BUCKLIN L.P. (1966), A theory of distribution channel structure, Institute of Business Economics Research, University of California.
BUCKLIN L.P. (1972), Competition and the evolution of distributive trades, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J..
CHANDLER A.D. Jr (1966), Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
CLARK J.A. (1988), “Economies of scale and scope at depository financial institutions: a review of the literature”, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, (Sept-Oct), pp. 16-32.
COOK K.S. (1977), “Exchange and power in networks of inter-organizational relations”, Sociological Quarterly, n. 18, pp. 62-82; (It. transl.) Zan S. (a cura di), Logiche di azione organizzativa, Il Mulino, Bologna.
COWLEY P.R. (1986), “Business margins and buyer/seller power”, Review of Economics and Statistics, n. 69, pp. 333-337.
DAY S.G., WENSLEY R. (1983), “Marketing theory with a strategic orientation”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 ( Fall), pp. 79-89.
DWYER F.R., SCHURR P.H., OH S. (1987), “Developing buyer-seller relationships”, Journal of Marketing, n. 51 (April), pp. 11-27.
DWYER F.R., OH S. (1988), “A transaction cost perspective on vertical contractual structure and interchannel competitive strategy”, Journal of Marketing, n. 52 (April), pp. 21-34.
ETGAR M. (1976), “The effect of administrative control on efficiency of vertical marketing systems”, Journal of Marketing Research, n. 13, pp. 12-24.
FIOCCA R., VICARI S. (1987), “Le alleanze interaziendali per l’attuazione di strategie commerciali”, in Fiocca R. (a cura di), Impresa senza confini. Sviluppo e nuove forme di alleanze fra aziende, Etas Libri, Milano.
FORNARI D. (1985), “Lo development of the trade marketing in Italia”, Commercio, n. 19.
FRAZER G.L., SHETH J.N. (1985), “An attitude-behavior framework for distribution channel management”, Journal of Marketing, n. 49 (Summer), pp. 38-48.
GABEL H.L. (1983), “The role of buyer power in oligopoly models: an empirical study”, Journal of Economics and Business, n. 35 (part 1), pp. 95-108.
GAETA R. (1989), “Il caso Benetton”, Relazione presentata al convegno Cescom-Bocconi, Contratti di Franchising, 25 maggio-2 giugno, Università Bocconi, Milano.
GASKY J.F. (1984), “The theory of power and conflict in channels of distribution”, Journal of Marketing, n. 48, pp. 9-29.
GOODMAN C.S. (1979), “Comments on Arndt’s «Toward a concept of domesticated markets»”, Journal of Marketing, pp. 79-82.
GRASSET L., MAMOU Y. (1989), “Le commerce impose sa loi”, L’Usine Nouvelle, 2 mars. Riportato in Problèmes Economiques, n. 2, pp. 119, 5 avril.
GUATRI L. (1987), Saluto d’apertura alla Conferenza Nazionale CESCOM CONFCOMMERCIO, sui Rapporti Industria-Distribuzione, 1-2 luglio.
HAGE J. (1980), Theories of organizations, New York, Wiley.
HALL R.H. (1975), Organizations: structure and process, 2ND and. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall.
HEIDE J.B., JOHN G. (1988), ‘The role of dependence balancing in safeguarding transaction specific assets in conventional channels”, Journal of Marketing, n. 52 (January), pp. 20- 35.
HUNT S.D. (1983), “General theories and the fundamental explananda of marketing”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 (Fall), pp. 9-17.
JACOBS D. (1974), “Dependence and vulnerability”: an exchange approach to the control of organization, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 19, pp. 45-59.
JOHN G. (1984), “An empirical investigation of some antecedents of opportunism in a marketing channel”, Journal of Marketing Research, n. 21 (August), pp. 278-289.
JOHN G.J., REVE T. (1982), “Reliability and validity of key informant data from dyadic relationships in marketing channels”, Journal of Marketing Research, n. 19 (November), pp. 517-524.
KOTLER P. (1972), “A generic concept of marketing”, Journal of Marketing, n. 36 (April), pp. 46-54.
KOTLER P., ZALTMAN G. (1971), “Social marketing: an approach to planned social change”, Journal of Marketing, n. 35 (July), pp. 3-12.
LA FRANCE V.A. (1979), “The impact of buyer concentration - An extension”, Review of Economics and Statistics, n. 61, pp. 475-476.
LAPONE A. (1989), Appunti per un articolo sul tema Brand Loyalty e Store Loyalty, Egea, Milano, mimeo.
LEVINE S., WHITE P. (1961), “Exchange as a conceptual framework for the study of the inter-organizational relations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 5, pp. 583-601.
LUCK D. (1969), “Broadening the concept of marketing too far”, Journal of Marketing, n. 33 (July), pp. 53-55.
LUCK D. (1974), “Social marketing: confusion compounded”, Journal of Marketing, n. 38 (October), pp. 70-72.
LUGLI G. (1976), Economia della distribuzione commerciale, Giuffrè, Milano.
LUGLI G. (1978), Il commercio nell’economia italiana, Il Mulino, Bologna.
LUGLI G. (1983), “Potere contrattuale negli acquisti and discriminazione dei prezzi”, Commercio, n. 14.
LUGLI G. (1989), “Dalla discriminazione alla differenziazione delle condizioni di vendita”, Quaderno Cescom - Osservatorio sui Rapporti Industria-Distribuzione, 1, Egea, Milano.
LUSTGARTEN S.H. (1975), “The impact of buyer concentration in manufacturing industries”, Review of Economics and Statistics, n. 57, pp. 125-132.
MALLEN B. (1973), “Functional spin-off: a key to anticipating change in distribution structure”, Journal of Marketing, n. 37 (July), pp. 18-25.
MARINO A. (1988), I piani di trade marketing, Giuffrè, Milano.
MESTER L.J. (1987), “Efficient production of financial services: scale and scope economies,” Federal reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review, (Jan-Feb), pp. 15-25.
MINTZBERG H. (1985), La progettazione dell’organizzazione aziendale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
MOTTURA P. (1988), “Problemi attuali di strategia nell’attività bancaria”, Relazione presentata al Convegno Annuale dell’Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale, Fiuggi, Settembre (Atti in corso di pubblicazione).
OUCHI W. (1980), “Markets, bureaucracies, and clans”, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 25, pp. 129-140.
PANZAR J.C., WILLIG RD. (1981), “Economies of scope”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, n. 71 (May), pp. 268-272.
PERROW C. (1970), Organizational analysis: a sociological view, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif.
PFEFFER J., SALANCIK G.R. (1978), The external control of organizations: a resource-dependence perspective, Harper and Row, New York.
PORTER M.E. (1980), La strategia competitiva, Tipografia Compositori, Bologna.
REVE T., STERN L.W. (1986), “The relationship between inter-organizational form transaction climate, and economic performance in vertical interfirm dyads”, in Pellegrini L., Reddy S.K. (eds), Marketing channels: relationships and performance, Lexington MA, Lexington Books.
RICHARDSON G.B. (1972), “The organization of industry”, The Economic Journal, (September), pp. 883-896.
SABBADIN (1989), “I contratti di franchising”, relazione presentata al convegno Cescom-Bocconi, 25 maggio-2 giugno, Università Bocconi, Milano.
SCHERER F.M. (1985), Economia industriale, Unicopli, Milano.
SPRANZI A. (1972), “Manufacturer-distributor relationships”, in Guatri L. (a cura di), Manuale di marketing, Isedi, Milano.
SPRANZI A. (1986), Economia del commercio e politica commerciale, Angeli, Milano.
STERN L.W., REVE T. (1980), “Distribution channels as political economies: a framework for comparative analysis”, Journal of Marketing, n. 44 (Summer), pp. 52-64.
STIGLER G. (1951), “The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market,” Journal of Political Economy, n. 54 (June), pp. 185-193.
STINCHCOMBE A.L. (1985), “Contracts as hierarchical documents”, in Stinchcombe A.L., Heiner C.A. (eds), Organization theory and project management: administering uncertainty, in Norwegian offshore oil, Oslo, Universitetforlaget, pp. 121-171.
TAINO D. (1989), “In caso Standa. Perdite strategiche”, Mondo Economico, 21, 27 maggio.
TEECE D.J. (1980), “Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise”, Journal of Economic behavior and Organization, n. 1, pp. 223-247.
THOMPSON J.D. (1967), Organizations in action, Mc Graw Hill, New York.
THORELLL H.B. (1986), “Networks: between markets an hierarchies”, Strategic Management Journal, pp. 37-51.
TORDJMAN A. (1988), “Distribution: la leçon américaine”, Politique industrielle, n. M 12.
VACCA’ S. (1963), I rapport industria-distribuzione nei mercati dei beni di consumo, Giuffrè, Milano.
VALDANI E. (1986), Marketing strategico, Etas Libri, Milano.
VAN DE VEN A.H., FERRY D.L. (1979), Measuring and assessing organizations, Wiley Interscience, New York.
VARALDO R. (1971), Potere e confltti nei canali di distribuzione, Introduzione allo studio delle strutture di mercato verticali, Editrice Tecnico Scientifica, Pisa.
VOLPATO G. (1984), “Dinamica di settore e analisi della concorrenza”, in Rispoli M. (a cura di), L’impresa industriale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
WEITZ B. (1981), “Effectiveness in sales interactions: a contingency framework,” Journal of Marketing, n. 45 (Winter), pp. 85-103.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1975), Markets and hierarchies, The Free Press, New York.
WILLIAMSON O.E (1979), “Transaction cost economics: the governance of contractual relations”, Journal of Law and Economics, n. 22, pp. 233-261.
WILLIAMSON O.E (1981), “The modem corporation: origins, evolution, attributes”, Journal of Economic Literature, n. 19 (December), pp. 1537-1568.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1983), “Credible commitments: using hostages to support exchange”, American Economic Review, vol. 73, n. 4 (September), pp. 519-540.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1986), “The economic institutions of capitalism. Firms, markets and relational contracting”, The Free Press., New York, Trad. It. Le istituzioni economiche del capitalismo. Imprese, mercati, apporti contrattuali, (1987), F. Angeli, Milano.
ZANDERIGHI L. (1986), “Consumi commercializzati ed evoluzione delle quote di mercato del commercio moderno: una ricostruzione statistica”, Commercio, n. 23.
ZANINOTTO E. (1987), “Evoluzione e innovazione nel commercio al dettaglio: la rivoluzione commerciale sommersa”, Commercio, n. 25.
ALDRICH H. (1979), Organizations and environment, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J..
ANDERSON E., COUGHLAN A.T. (1987), “International market entry and expansion via independent or integrated channels of distribution”, Journal of Marketing, n. 51 (January), pp. 7182.
ANDERSSON P., SODERLUND M. (1988), “The network approach to marketing” Irish Marketing Reviev, n. 3, pp. 63-68.
ARNDT J. (1979), “Toward a concept of domesticated markets”, Journal of Marketing, n. 43 (Fall), pp. 69-75.
ARNDT J. (1983), “The political economy paradigm: foundation for theory building in marketing”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 (Fall) .
BADEN FULLER C.W.F. (1986), “Rising concentration. The U.K. grocery trade 1970-1982”, in Pellegrini L., Reddy S.K. (eds), Distributive trades: an international perspective, Franco Angeli, Milano.
BAGOZZI R.P. (1975), “Marketing as exchange”, Journal of Marketing, n. 39 (October), pp. 32-39.
BAGOZZI R.P. (1979), “Toward a formal theory of marketing exchanges”, in Fesrel O.C., Browsl S.W., Lamb C.W. Jr. (eds), Conceptual and theoretical developments in marketing, Chicago, American Marketing Association, pp. 431-447.
BUCKLIN L.P. (1966), A theory of distribution channel structure, Institute of Business Economics Research, University of California.
BUCKLIN L.P. (1972), Competition and the evolution of distributive trades, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J..
CHANDLER A.D. Jr (1966), Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
CLARK J.A. (1988), “Economies of scale and scope at depository financial institutions: a review of the literature”, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, (Sept-Oct), pp. 16-32.
COOK K.S. (1977), “Exchange and power in networks of inter-organizational relations”, Sociological Quarterly, n. 18, pp. 62-82; (It. transl.) Zan S. (a cura di), Logiche di azione organizzativa, Il Mulino, Bologna.
COWLEY P.R. (1986), “Business margins and buyer/seller power”, Review of Economics and Statistics, n. 69, pp. 333-337.
DAY S.G., WENSLEY R. (1983), “Marketing theory with a strategic orientation”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 ( Fall), pp. 79-89.
DWYER F.R., SCHURR P.H., OH S. (1987), “Developing buyer-seller relationships”, Journal of Marketing, n. 51 (April), pp. 11-27.
DWYER F.R., OH S. (1988), “A transaction cost perspective on vertical contractual structure and interchannel competitive strategy”, Journal of Marketing, n. 52 (April), pp. 21-34.
ETGAR M. (1976), “The effect of administrative control on efficiency of vertical marketing systems”, Journal of Marketing Research, n. 13, pp. 12-24.
FIOCCA R., VICARI S. (1987), “Le alleanze interaziendali per l’attuazione di strategie commerciali”, in Fiocca R. (a cura di), Impresa senza confini. Sviluppo e nuove forme di alleanze fra aziende, Etas Libri, Milano.
FORNARI D. (1985), “Lo development of the trade marketing in Italia”, Commercio, n. 19.
FRAZER G.L., SHETH J.N. (1985), “An attitude-behavior framework for distribution channel management”, Journal of Marketing, n. 49 (Summer), pp. 38-48.
GABEL H.L. (1983), “The role of buyer power in oligopoly models: an empirical study”, Journal of Economics and Business, n. 35 (part 1), pp. 95-108.
GAETA R. (1989), “Il caso Benetton”, Relazione presentata al convegno Cescom-Bocconi, Contratti di Franchising, 25 maggio-2 giugno, Università Bocconi, Milano.
GASKY J.F. (1984), “The theory of power and conflict in channels of distribution”, Journal of Marketing, n. 48, pp. 9-29.
GOODMAN C.S. (1979), “Comments on Arndt’s «Toward a concept of domesticated markets»”, Journal of Marketing, pp. 79-82.
GRASSET L., MAMOU Y. (1989), “Le commerce impose sa loi”, L’Usine Nouvelle, 2 mars. Riportato in Problèmes Economiques, n. 2, pp. 119, 5 avril.
GUATRI L. (1987), Saluto d’apertura alla Conferenza Nazionale CESCOM CONFCOMMERCIO, sui Rapporti Industria-Distribuzione, 1-2 luglio.
HAGE J. (1980), Theories of organizations, New York, Wiley.
HALL R.H. (1975), Organizations: structure and process, 2ND and. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall.
HEIDE J.B., JOHN G. (1988), ‘The role of dependence balancing in safeguarding transaction specific assets in conventional channels”, Journal of Marketing, n. 52 (January), pp. 20- 35.
HUNT S.D. (1983), “General theories and the fundamental explananda of marketing”, Journal of Marketing, n. 47 (Fall), pp. 9-17.
JACOBS D. (1974), “Dependence and vulnerability”: an exchange approach to the control of organization, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 19, pp. 45-59.
JOHN G. (1984), “An empirical investigation of some antecedents of opportunism in a marketing channel”, Journal of Marketing Research, n. 21 (August), pp. 278-289.
JOHN G.J., REVE T. (1982), “Reliability and validity of key informant data from dyadic relationships in marketing channels”, Journal of Marketing Research, n. 19 (November), pp. 517-524.
KOTLER P. (1972), “A generic concept of marketing”, Journal of Marketing, n. 36 (April), pp. 46-54.
KOTLER P., ZALTMAN G. (1971), “Social marketing: an approach to planned social change”, Journal of Marketing, n. 35 (July), pp. 3-12.
LA FRANCE V.A. (1979), “The impact of buyer concentration - An extension”, Review of Economics and Statistics, n. 61, pp. 475-476.
LAPONE A. (1989), Appunti per un articolo sul tema Brand Loyalty e Store Loyalty, Egea, Milano, mimeo.
LEVINE S., WHITE P. (1961), “Exchange as a conceptual framework for the study of the inter-organizational relations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 5, pp. 583-601.
LUCK D. (1969), “Broadening the concept of marketing too far”, Journal of Marketing, n. 33 (July), pp. 53-55.
LUCK D. (1974), “Social marketing: confusion compounded”, Journal of Marketing, n. 38 (October), pp. 70-72.
LUGLI G. (1976), Economia della distribuzione commerciale, Giuffrè, Milano.
LUGLI G. (1978), Il commercio nell’economia italiana, Il Mulino, Bologna.
LUGLI G. (1983), “Potere contrattuale negli acquisti and discriminazione dei prezzi”, Commercio, n. 14.
LUGLI G. (1989), “Dalla discriminazione alla differenziazione delle condizioni di vendita”, Quaderno Cescom - Osservatorio sui Rapporti Industria-Distribuzione, 1, Egea, Milano.
LUSTGARTEN S.H. (1975), “The impact of buyer concentration in manufacturing industries”, Review of Economics and Statistics, n. 57, pp. 125-132.
MALLEN B. (1973), “Functional spin-off: a key to anticipating change in distribution structure”, Journal of Marketing, n. 37 (July), pp. 18-25.
MARINO A. (1988), I piani di trade marketing, Giuffrè, Milano.
MESTER L.J. (1987), “Efficient production of financial services: scale and scope economies,” Federal reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review, (Jan-Feb), pp. 15-25.
MINTZBERG H. (1985), La progettazione dell’organizzazione aziendale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
MOTTURA P. (1988), “Problemi attuali di strategia nell’attività bancaria”, Relazione presentata al Convegno Annuale dell’Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale, Fiuggi, Settembre (Atti in corso di pubblicazione).
OUCHI W. (1980), “Markets, bureaucracies, and clans”, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 25, pp. 129-140.
PANZAR J.C., WILLIG RD. (1981), “Economies of scope”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, n. 71 (May), pp. 268-272.
PERROW C. (1970), Organizational analysis: a sociological view, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif.
PFEFFER J., SALANCIK G.R. (1978), The external control of organizations: a resource-dependence perspective, Harper and Row, New York.
PORTER M.E. (1980), La strategia competitiva, Tipografia Compositori, Bologna.
REVE T., STERN L.W. (1986), “The relationship between inter-organizational form transaction climate, and economic performance in vertical interfirm dyads”, in Pellegrini L., Reddy S.K. (eds), Marketing channels: relationships and performance, Lexington MA, Lexington Books.
RICHARDSON G.B. (1972), “The organization of industry”, The Economic Journal, (September), pp. 883-896.
SABBADIN (1989), “I contratti di franchising”, relazione presentata al convegno Cescom-Bocconi, 25 maggio-2 giugno, Università Bocconi, Milano.
SCHERER F.M. (1985), Economia industriale, Unicopli, Milano.
SPRANZI A. (1972), “Manufacturer-distributor relationships”, in Guatri L. (a cura di), Manuale di marketing, Isedi, Milano.
SPRANZI A. (1986), Economia del commercio e politica commerciale, Angeli, Milano.
STERN L.W., REVE T. (1980), “Distribution channels as political economies: a framework for comparative analysis”, Journal of Marketing, n. 44 (Summer), pp. 52-64.
STIGLER G. (1951), “The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market,” Journal of Political Economy, n. 54 (June), pp. 185-193.
STINCHCOMBE A.L. (1985), “Contracts as hierarchical documents”, in Stinchcombe A.L., Heiner C.A. (eds), Organization theory and project management: administering uncertainty, in Norwegian offshore oil, Oslo, Universitetforlaget, pp. 121-171.
TAINO D. (1989), “In caso Standa. Perdite strategiche”, Mondo Economico, 21, 27 maggio.
TEECE D.J. (1980), “Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise”, Journal of Economic behavior and Organization, n. 1, pp. 223-247.
THOMPSON J.D. (1967), Organizations in action, Mc Graw Hill, New York.
THORELLL H.B. (1986), “Networks: between markets an hierarchies”, Strategic Management Journal, pp. 37-51.
TORDJMAN A. (1988), “Distribution: la leçon américaine”, Politique industrielle, n. M 12.
VACCA’ S. (1963), I rapport industria-distribuzione nei mercati dei beni di consumo, Giuffrè, Milano.
VALDANI E. (1986), Marketing strategico, Etas Libri, Milano.
VAN DE VEN A.H., FERRY D.L. (1979), Measuring and assessing organizations, Wiley Interscience, New York.
VARALDO R. (1971), Potere e confltti nei canali di distribuzione, Introduzione allo studio delle strutture di mercato verticali, Editrice Tecnico Scientifica, Pisa.
VOLPATO G. (1984), “Dinamica di settore e analisi della concorrenza”, in Rispoli M. (a cura di), L’impresa industriale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
WEITZ B. (1981), “Effectiveness in sales interactions: a contingency framework,” Journal of Marketing, n. 45 (Winter), pp. 85-103.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1975), Markets and hierarchies, The Free Press, New York.
WILLIAMSON O.E (1979), “Transaction cost economics: the governance of contractual relations”, Journal of Law and Economics, n. 22, pp. 233-261.
WILLIAMSON O.E (1981), “The modem corporation: origins, evolution, attributes”, Journal of Economic Literature, n. 19 (December), pp. 1537-1568.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1983), “Credible commitments: using hostages to support exchange”, American Economic Review, vol. 73, n. 4 (September), pp. 519-540.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1986), “The economic institutions of capitalism. Firms, markets and relational contracting”, The Free Press., New York, Trad. It. Le istituzioni economiche del capitalismo. Imprese, mercati, apporti contrattuali, (1987), F. Angeli, Milano.
ZANDERIGHI L. (1986), “Consumi commercializzati ed evoluzione delle quote di mercato del commercio moderno: una ricostruzione statistica”, Commercio, n. 23.
ZANINOTTO E. (1987), “Evoluzione e innovazione nel commercio al dettaglio: la rivoluzione commerciale sommersa”, Commercio, n. 25.
Downloads
Published
2015-04-29
Issue
Section
Articoli
