Impresa sociale e creazione di valore: una tassonomia dei modelli di misurazione dell’impatto sociale sul territorio (Social enterprise and value creation: a taxonomy of models for measuring impact on the ecosystem)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s91.2013.04Keywords:
social enterprise, impact on the ecosystem, social and economic value, social impact, measurement modelsAbstract
Purpose of the paper: The relationship between business and community is becoming a relevant topic especially considering the competitive scenario characterized by deep changes in which the boundaries between profit and not-for-profit organizations are becoming blurred. So, in this context the literature on social entrepreneurship and the measurement of social impact is increasing. The aim of the paper is to develop a taxonomy of existing social impact measurement models, in order to describe their characteristics and aims.
Methodology: Starting from the literature analysis n.76 models were selected and a hierarchical cluster analysis was developed.
Findings: The research allows the description of the main characteristics of social impact measurement models and their classification in four categories.
Research limits: The sample examines a large number of existing models, nevertheless the analysis techniques may provide room for discretion to the researcher.
Practical implications: Emerged results can be a useful landmark for companies to address the landscape of existing models. Moreover, the proposed taxonomy is useful for public institutions, which had begun to assess the real achieved outcomes when funding social initiatives.
Originality of the study: Since models are different in nature and purpose, classification systems are still incomplete. Identified criteria are applied to a wide sample of model in order to achieve a general classification.
References
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AUSTIN J., REFICCO E. (2009), Corporate social entrepreneurship, Working Paper, n. 09-101.
AUSTIN J., STEVENSON H., WEI-SKILLERN J. (2003), “Social entrepreneurship and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both?”, Working paper series, n. 04-029, Harvard Business School.
BRUNI L., ZAMAGNI S. (2004), Economia civile: efficienza, equità, felicità pubblica, Il Mulino, Bologna.
BURDGE R., VANCLAY F. (1996), “Social Impact Assessment: A Contribution to the State of the Art Series”, Impact Assessment, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 59-86.
CLARK C., ROSENZWEIG W., LONG D., OLSEN S. (2004), Double bottom line project report: Assessing social impact in double bottom line ventures. Accessibile su http://www.riseproject.org/DBL_Methods_Catalog.pdf. Visitato il 20 Giugno 2012.
DACIN P., DACIN M., MATEAR M. (2010), “Social entrepreneurship: why we don’t need a new theory and how we move forward from here”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 37-57.
DART R. (2004), “The Legitimacy of Social Enterprise”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 411-424.
EMERSON J. (2003), “The Blended Value Preposition: integrating social and financial return”, California Management Review, vol. 45, n. 4, pp. 35-51.
EMERSON J., WACHOWICS J., CHUN S. (2000), Social return on investment: Exploring aspects of value creation in the non-profit sector, The Roberts Foundation, San Francisco.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2011), Social Business Initiative. Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the social economy and innovation. Accessibile su http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/social_business/docs/COM2011
_682_en.pdf. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
FIORENTINI G. (2006), Impresa Sociale e sussidiarietà, Franco Angeli, Milano.
FIORENTINO D., IASEVOLI G., MICHELINI L. (2012), “La dimensione territorio nella creazione e nello sviluppo di nuovi modelli di business sociale”, in Pilotti L., Creatività, innovazione e territorio, Il Mulino, Bologna.
FOURTH SECTOR NETWORK (2009), The emerging fourth sector. Accessibile su http://www.fourthsector.net/learn/fourth-sector. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
FREUDENBURG WR. (1986), “Social Impact Assessment”, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 12, pp. 451-478.
GENTILE MC. (2002), Social Impact Measuring, a definition, in Business and society program, The Aspen Institute Accessibile su http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites /default/files/content/docs/bsp/socialimpactmanagement.pdf. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
GIARETTA E. (2005), “Ethical product innovation: in praise of slowness”, The TQM Magazine, vol. 17, n. 2, pp.161-181.
HOCKERTS K. (2006), “Entrepreneurial opportunity in social purpose business ventures”, in Mair J., Robinson J., Hockerts K., Social Entrepreneurship, Palgrave Macmillan.
LATANÈ B. (1981), “The psychology of social impact”, American Psychologist, vol. 36, n. 4, pp. 343-356.
LATTIN J., CARROLL D., GREEN P. (2003), Analyzing Multivariate Data, 3rd Edn., Brooks Cole, USA.
LIGHT P.C. (2006), “Reshaping Social Entrepreneurship”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, fall, pp.47-51.
MAAS K. (2009), Social Impact Measurement: Towards a guideline for managers. Accessibile su www.erim.eur.nl/portal/page/portal/ERIM/Research/Centres/Erasmus_Centre_for_Strategic_Philanthropy/Research/Publications/Social_Impact_Measurement_voor_sso_nieuwsbrief%5B1%5D.pdf. Visitato il 20 giugno 2012.
MAAS K., LIKET K. (2010), Social Impact Measurement: Classification of Methods. Accessibile su www.erim.eur.nl/portal/pls/portal/xopus_public.download_document? p_guid=9E98A3A73D99B74FE04018AC8A060CB5. Visitato il 20 giugno 2012.
MAIR J., MARTI J. (2006), “Social entrepreneurships research: a source of explanation, prediction and delight”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, n. 1, pp.36-44.
MARTIN R.J., OSBERG S. (2007), “Social entrepreneurship: The case for a definition”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, pp. 29-39.
MICHELINI L. (2012), Social innovation and new business models. Creating shared value in low-income markets, SpringerBriefs in Business, Berlin.
MICHELINI L., FIORENTINO D. (2012), “New business models for creating shared value”, Social Responsibility Journal, vol. 8, n. 4. pp. 561-577.
MULGAN G., REEDER N., AYLOTT M., BO’SHER L. (2011), Social Impact Investment: the challenge and opportunity of Social Impact Bonds, The Young Foundation.
NICHOLLS A. (2005), Measuring Impact in Social Entrepreneurship: New Accountabilities to Stakeholders and Investors?, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, University of Oxford.
NICHOLLS J. (2007), Why measuring and communicating social value can help social enterprise become more competitive, Cabine Office, Office of the Third Sector. Accessibile su http://evpa.eu.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Why-measuring-and-communicating-social-value-can-help-social-enterprise-become-more-competitive1.pdf. Visitato il 10 Maggio 2012.
OECD (2010), SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Accessibile su http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3746,en_2649_33956792_44938128_1_1_1_1,00.html. Visitato il 10 Maggio 2012.
PERRINI F. (2007), Social Entrepreneurship, Egea, Milano.
PORTER M.E., KRAMER M.R. (2006), “Strategy and Society. The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility”, Harvard Business Review, December, vol. 84, n. 12, pp. 78-92.
REISMAN J., GIENNAP A. (2004), Theory of change: a practical tool for action, results and learning, Organizational Research Services. Erasmus University Rotterdam. Accessibile su http://www.erim.eur.nl/portal/page/portal/ERIM/.
Research/Centres/Erasmus_Centre_for_Strategic_Philanthropy/Research/Publications/Social_Impact_Measurement_voor_sso_nieuwsbrief%5B1%5D.pdf. Visitato il 10 Maggio 2012.
RINALDO H. (2010), Getting started in social impact measurement. The Guild. Accessibile su http://www.gaugeni.co.uk/sites/default/files/Getting%20started%20in%20social %20impact%20measurement.pdf. Visitato il 18 giugno 2012.
RUTTMAN R. (2012), New ways to invest for social and environmental impact, in Investing for impact: how social entrepreneurship is redefining the meaning of return, Credit Suisse Research.
SHANMUGALINGAM C., GRAHAM J., SIMON T., MULGAN G. (2011), Growing social ventures. The role of intermediaries and investors: who they are, what they do, and what they could become. The Young Foundation. Accessibile su http://www.youngfoundation.org/files/images/Growing_Social_Ventures.pdf. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
SWANSON L.A., ZHANG D.D. (2010), “The Social Entrepreneurship Zone”, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 71-88.
THOMPSON J., DOHERTY B. (2006), “The diverse world of social enterprise: A collection of social enterprise stories”, International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 33 n. 5/6, pp. 361-375.
UNDP, EMES (2008), Social enterprise: a new model for poverty reduction and employment generation. Accessibile su http://europeandcis.undp.org/ourwork/poverty/show/ 02F5569C-F203-1EE9-BD529F7FE21C9320 Visitato il 15 May 2012.
WAINWRIGHT S. (2002), Measuring impact: a guide to resources, NCVO Publications, London.
YUNUS M. (2008), A World Without Poverty: Social Business and the future of capitalism, Public Affairs, New York, USA.
YUNUS M. (2010), Building Social Business, Public Affairs, New York, USA.
YUNUS M., MOINGEON B., LEHMANN-ORTGEGA L. (2010), “Building social business model: lessons from the Grameen experience”, Long Range Planning, vol. 43, n. 2/3, pp. 308-325.
ZAMAGNI S. (2007), L’economia del bene comune, Città Nuova, Roma.
ZAPPALÀ G., LYONS M. (2009), Recent approaches to measuring social impact in the third sector: An overview, Centre for Social Impact, Background Paper, n. 5. Accessibile su http://www.csi.edu.au/assets/assetdoc/b20aada17ffad8f7/V2%20CSI%20Background%20Paper%20No%205%20%20Approaches%20to%20measuring%20social%20impact.pdf. Visitato il 15 May 2012.
Siti Internet
TRASI (Foundation Center): http://trasi.foundationcenter.org
NEF: http://www.nef-consulting.co.uk
AUSTIN J., REFICCO E. (2009), Corporate social entrepreneurship, Working Paper, n. 09-101.
AUSTIN J., STEVENSON H., WEI-SKILLERN J. (2003), “Social entrepreneurship and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both?”, Working paper series, n. 04-029, Harvard Business School.
BRUNI L., ZAMAGNI S. (2004), Economia civile: efficienza, equità, felicità pubblica, Il Mulino, Bologna.
BURDGE R., VANCLAY F. (1996), “Social Impact Assessment: A Contribution to the State of the Art Series”, Impact Assessment, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 59-86.
CLARK C., ROSENZWEIG W., LONG D., OLSEN S. (2004), Double bottom line project report: Assessing social impact in double bottom line ventures. Accessibile su http://www.riseproject.org/DBL_Methods_Catalog.pdf. Visitato il 20 Giugno 2012.
DACIN P., DACIN M., MATEAR M. (2010), “Social entrepreneurship: why we don’t need a new theory and how we move forward from here”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 24, n. 3, pp. 37-57.
DART R. (2004), “The Legitimacy of Social Enterprise”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 411-424.
EMERSON J. (2003), “The Blended Value Preposition: integrating social and financial return”, California Management Review, vol. 45, n. 4, pp. 35-51.
EMERSON J., WACHOWICS J., CHUN S. (2000), Social return on investment: Exploring aspects of value creation in the non-profit sector, The Roberts Foundation, San Francisco.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2011), Social Business Initiative. Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the social economy and innovation. Accessibile su http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/social_business/docs/COM2011
_682_en.pdf. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
FIORENTINI G. (2006), Impresa Sociale e sussidiarietà, Franco Angeli, Milano.
FIORENTINO D., IASEVOLI G., MICHELINI L. (2012), “La dimensione territorio nella creazione e nello sviluppo di nuovi modelli di business sociale”, in Pilotti L., Creatività, innovazione e territorio, Il Mulino, Bologna.
FOURTH SECTOR NETWORK (2009), The emerging fourth sector. Accessibile su http://www.fourthsector.net/learn/fourth-sector. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
FREUDENBURG WR. (1986), “Social Impact Assessment”, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 12, pp. 451-478.
GENTILE MC. (2002), Social Impact Measuring, a definition, in Business and society program, The Aspen Institute Accessibile su http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites /default/files/content/docs/bsp/socialimpactmanagement.pdf. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
GIARETTA E. (2005), “Ethical product innovation: in praise of slowness”, The TQM Magazine, vol. 17, n. 2, pp.161-181.
HOCKERTS K. (2006), “Entrepreneurial opportunity in social purpose business ventures”, in Mair J., Robinson J., Hockerts K., Social Entrepreneurship, Palgrave Macmillan.
LATANÈ B. (1981), “The psychology of social impact”, American Psychologist, vol. 36, n. 4, pp. 343-356.
LATTIN J., CARROLL D., GREEN P. (2003), Analyzing Multivariate Data, 3rd Edn., Brooks Cole, USA.
LIGHT P.C. (2006), “Reshaping Social Entrepreneurship”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, fall, pp.47-51.
MAAS K. (2009), Social Impact Measurement: Towards a guideline for managers. Accessibile su www.erim.eur.nl/portal/page/portal/ERIM/Research/Centres/Erasmus_Centre_for_Strategic_Philanthropy/Research/Publications/Social_Impact_Measurement_voor_sso_nieuwsbrief%5B1%5D.pdf. Visitato il 20 giugno 2012.
MAAS K., LIKET K. (2010), Social Impact Measurement: Classification of Methods. Accessibile su www.erim.eur.nl/portal/pls/portal/xopus_public.download_document? p_guid=9E98A3A73D99B74FE04018AC8A060CB5. Visitato il 20 giugno 2012.
MAIR J., MARTI J. (2006), “Social entrepreneurships research: a source of explanation, prediction and delight”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, n. 1, pp.36-44.
MARTIN R.J., OSBERG S. (2007), “Social entrepreneurship: The case for a definition”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, pp. 29-39.
MICHELINI L. (2012), Social innovation and new business models. Creating shared value in low-income markets, SpringerBriefs in Business, Berlin.
MICHELINI L., FIORENTINO D. (2012), “New business models for creating shared value”, Social Responsibility Journal, vol. 8, n. 4. pp. 561-577.
MULGAN G., REEDER N., AYLOTT M., BO’SHER L. (2011), Social Impact Investment: the challenge and opportunity of Social Impact Bonds, The Young Foundation.
NICHOLLS A. (2005), Measuring Impact in Social Entrepreneurship: New Accountabilities to Stakeholders and Investors?, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, University of Oxford.
NICHOLLS J. (2007), Why measuring and communicating social value can help social enterprise become more competitive, Cabine Office, Office of the Third Sector. Accessibile su http://evpa.eu.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Why-measuring-and-communicating-social-value-can-help-social-enterprise-become-more-competitive1.pdf. Visitato il 10 Maggio 2012.
OECD (2010), SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Accessibile su http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3746,en_2649_33956792_44938128_1_1_1_1,00.html. Visitato il 10 Maggio 2012.
PERRINI F. (2007), Social Entrepreneurship, Egea, Milano.
PORTER M.E., KRAMER M.R. (2006), “Strategy and Society. The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility”, Harvard Business Review, December, vol. 84, n. 12, pp. 78-92.
REISMAN J., GIENNAP A. (2004), Theory of change: a practical tool for action, results and learning, Organizational Research Services. Erasmus University Rotterdam. Accessibile su http://www.erim.eur.nl/portal/page/portal/ERIM/.
Research/Centres/Erasmus_Centre_for_Strategic_Philanthropy/Research/Publications/Social_Impact_Measurement_voor_sso_nieuwsbrief%5B1%5D.pdf. Visitato il 10 Maggio 2012.
RINALDO H. (2010), Getting started in social impact measurement. The Guild. Accessibile su http://www.gaugeni.co.uk/sites/default/files/Getting%20started%20in%20social %20impact%20measurement.pdf. Visitato il 18 giugno 2012.
RUTTMAN R. (2012), New ways to invest for social and environmental impact, in Investing for impact: how social entrepreneurship is redefining the meaning of return, Credit Suisse Research.
SHANMUGALINGAM C., GRAHAM J., SIMON T., MULGAN G. (2011), Growing social ventures. The role of intermediaries and investors: who they are, what they do, and what they could become. The Young Foundation. Accessibile su http://www.youngfoundation.org/files/images/Growing_Social_Ventures.pdf. Visitato il 15 Maggio 2012.
SWANSON L.A., ZHANG D.D. (2010), “The Social Entrepreneurship Zone”, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 71-88.
THOMPSON J., DOHERTY B. (2006), “The diverse world of social enterprise: A collection of social enterprise stories”, International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 33 n. 5/6, pp. 361-375.
UNDP, EMES (2008), Social enterprise: a new model for poverty reduction and employment generation. Accessibile su http://europeandcis.undp.org/ourwork/poverty/show/ 02F5569C-F203-1EE9-BD529F7FE21C9320 Visitato il 15 May 2012.
WAINWRIGHT S. (2002), Measuring impact: a guide to resources, NCVO Publications, London.
YUNUS M. (2008), A World Without Poverty: Social Business and the future of capitalism, Public Affairs, New York, USA.
YUNUS M. (2010), Building Social Business, Public Affairs, New York, USA.
YUNUS M., MOINGEON B., LEHMANN-ORTGEGA L. (2010), “Building social business model: lessons from the Grameen experience”, Long Range Planning, vol. 43, n. 2/3, pp. 308-325.
ZAMAGNI S. (2007), L’economia del bene comune, Città Nuova, Roma.
ZAPPALÀ G., LYONS M. (2009), Recent approaches to measuring social impact in the third sector: An overview, Centre for Social Impact, Background Paper, n. 5. Accessibile su http://www.csi.edu.au/assets/assetdoc/b20aada17ffad8f7/V2%20CSI%20Background%20Paper%20No%205%20%20Approaches%20to%20measuring%20social%20impact.pdf. Visitato il 15 May 2012.
Siti Internet
TRASI (Foundation Center): http://trasi.foundationcenter.org
NEF: http://www.nef-consulting.co.uk
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Published
2013-08-29
