Features of good practice for safeguarding and valorising intangible cultural heritage: the Tocatì International Festival of Street Games
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s99.2016.09Keywords:
Intangible cultural heritage, traditional games, cultural events management, successful events, good practiceAbstract
Purpose of the paper: The aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which the uniquely successful Tocatì International Festival of Street Games, which has been promoted by the Associazione Giochi Antichi (Traditional Games Association) since 2003, can be considered an example of good practice for safeguarding an intangible cultural heritage, and the factors underlying its success.
Methodology: The qualitative approach of this paper is based on a case study. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews of the organizers of the Tocati International Festival.
Results: The results confirmed the working hypothesis and highlighted the determinants of the success of the Festival in safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of traditional games.
Limitations: The case analysis only considers the perspective of the promoter of the event. Future research should be extended it to include the perspectives of other stakeholders.
Practical implications: Although the findings indicate that the event cannot be standardised or easily reproduced, they do identify a number of factors that can favour the success of a cultural festival.
Originality of the paper: As there are no published models for evaluating cultural events as good practices, the findings of this study can contribute to the open debate on this topic.
References
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D’ASTOUS A., COLBERT F., D’ASTOUS E. (2006), “The Personality of Cultural Festivals: Scale Development and Applications”, International Journal of Arts Management, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 14-23.
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EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR GENDER EQUALITY (EIGE) (2013), Mainstreaming gender into the policies and the programmes of the institutions of the European Union and EU Member States, Publications Office of the European Union, Belgium.
FERGUSON H. (2004), “Per una teoria emergente delle buone prassi”, in Forgheraiter F. (a cura di), Il servizio sociale post moderno. Modelli emergenti, Erickson, Trento, pp. 231-252.
FERRARI S. (2012), Event marketing. I grandi eventi e gli eventi speciali come strumenti di marketing, Cedam, Trento.
FOLGHERAITER F. (1998), Teoria e metodologia del servizio sociale: la prospettiva di rete, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
FOLGHERAITER F. (2001), “Organizzazione di reti familiari nel territorio”, Consultori familiari oggi, IX, 3, pp. 87-97.
GEPHART R.P. (2004), “Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 47, n. 4. pp. 454-462.
GETZ D. (1997), Event Management and Event Tourism, Cognizant Communications Corporation, New York.
GETZ D. (2005), Event Management and Event Tourism, 2nd ed., Cognizant Communications Corporation, New York.
GOLDBLATT J.J. (1997), Special Events: Best Practices in Modern Event Management, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
GOLEMAN D., BOYATZIS R.E., MCKEE A. (2002), “Essere leader”, Bur, Milano (tit. orig. Primal Leadership).
GURSOY D., KIM K., UYSAL M. (2004), “Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: an extension and validation”, Tourism Management, vol. 25, n. 2, pp. 171-181.
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HANDELMAN D. (1998), Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events, Berghahn Books, New York.
HERRERO L.C., SANZ J.A., DEVESA M., BEDADE A., DEL BARRIO M.J. (2007), “Economic Impact and Social Performance of Cultural Macrofestivals”, in Richards G., Cultural Tourism. Global and Local Perspectives, The Haworth Hospitality Press, New York.
HUGHES G. (1999), “Urban Revitalization: the Use of Festive Time Strategies”, Leisure Studies, vol. 18, n. 2, pp. 119-135.
ISFOL (2004), La metodologia ISFOL per l’individuazione e l’analisi delle buone pratiche in ambito FSE Area Interventi comunitari.
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JOHNSTON W.J., LEACH M.P., LIU A.H. (1999), “Theory testing using case studies in business-to-business research”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 28, pp. 201-213.
KIM C., SCOTT D., THIGPEN J.F., KIM S.S. (1998), “Economic Impacts of a Birding Festival”, Journal of Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 5, n. 1-2, pp. 51-58.
MARSH P., FISHER M. (2005), Developing the evidence base for social work and social care practice, Using knowledge in Social Care - Report 10, Social Care Institute for Excellence, London.
PALUMBO M. (2001), Il processo di valutazione. Decidere, programmare, valutare, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
POLICY STUDIES INSTITUTE (1992), Arts Festivals, Cultural Trends, Policy Studies Institute, London.
RICHARDS G. (2007), “The Festivalization of Society or the Socialization of Festivals? The Case of Catalunya”, in Richards G. (ed.), Cultural Tourism. Global and Local Perspectives, The Haworth Hospitality press, New York.
RITCHIE J.R. (1984), “Assessing the Impact of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 23, n. 1, pp. 3-11.
ROBERTSON M., ELSPETH F. (2008), Events and Festivals: Current Trends and Issues, Routledge, New York.
ROCHE M. (1992), “Mega Events and Micro-modernization: on the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism”, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, n. 4, pp. 563-600.
ROSSATO C. (2008), “Comunicare la mission”, Sinergie, n. 77, pp. 141-162.
ROSSI G., BOCCACIN L. (2007), Capitale sociale e partnership tra pubblico, privato e terzo settore. Vol. I. Il caso di buone pratiche nei servizi alla famiglia, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
RULLANI E. (2004), Economia della conoscenza. Creatività e valore nel capitalismo delle reti, Carocci, Roma.
SIGGELKOW N. (2007), “Persuasion With Case Studies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 50, n. 1, pp. 20-24.
SMALL K. (2008), “Social Dimension of Community Festivals: an Application of Factor Analysis in the Development of the Social Impact Perception (SIP) Scale”, Event Management, vol. 11, n. 1-2, pp. 45-55.
SMITH L.J. (1990), Dictionary of concepts in recreation and leisure studies, Greenwood Press, Westport.
SOLIMA L. (2006), L’impresa culturale. Processi e strumenti di gestione, Carocci editore, Roma.
STRAUSS C.H., LORD B.E. (2001), “Economic Impacts of a Heritage Tourism System”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 8, n. 4, pp. 199-2014.
UNESCO (2003), Convenzione per la salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale immateriale, Parigi, disponibile sul sito www.unesco.it/cni/index.php/cultura/patrimonio-immateriale
UNESCO (2009), Investigating in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue, Luxembourg, disponibile sul sito www.unesco.org/fr/world-reports/cultural-diversity.
UNESCO (2014), Basic Texts of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Unesco, France.
UNESCO/Council of Europe (2001), Code of Good Practice in the Provision of Transnational Education, Riga, 6 June, disponibile sul sito www.coe.int/t/dg4/highereducation/recognition/Codeofgoodpractice_EN.asp
UYSAL M., GITELSON R., (1994), “Assessment of Economic Impacts: Festivals and Special Events”, Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 2, n. 1, pp. 3-10.
VAN DER WAGEN (2001), Event Management, Hospitality Press, Australia.
WATERMAN S. (1998), “Carnivals for Elites? The Cultural Politics of Arts Festivals”, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 54-74.
WHEELEN T.L., HUNGER D.J. (1998), Strategic Management and Business Policy, Addison Wesley Publication, New York, Sixth Edition.
YIN R.K. (2003), Case study research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications, London, (III Edition).
ARGANO L. (2004), La gestione dei progetti di spettacolo, Franco Angeli, Milano.
ASSOCIAZIONE GIOCHI ANTICHI (2011), Giro d’Italia in 150 Giochi, Qui Edit, Verona.
ASSOCIAZIONE GIOCHI ANTICHI (2015), Giochi tradizionali d’Italia. Viaggio nel Paese che gioca, Ediciclo, Portogruaro.
BACCARANI C., BRUNETTI F. (2003), Dalla penombra alla luce. Un saggio sul cinema per lo sviluppo manageriale, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino.
BAUMAN R. (1992), Folklore, Cultural Performances and Popular Entertainments, Oxford University Press, New York.
BAUMOL W.J., BOWEN W.G. (1965), “On the performing arts: the anatomy of their economic problems”, The American Economic Review, vol. 55, n. 1/2, pp. 495-502.
BIANCHINI F. (1999), “The Relationship Between Cultural Resources and Policies for Cities and Regions: Issues from European Debates”, in Dodd D., van Hemel A., Planning Cultural Tourism in Europe: a Presentation of Case Studies and Theories, Boekman Foundation, Amsterdam.
BONFANTI A., CASTELLANI P. (2015), “Organizzazione e management tra struttura organizzativa e conduzione del personale”, in Baccarani C., Brunetti F., Giaretta E., Impresa e management tra competitività e progresso, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino.
BONOMA T. (1985), “Case research in marketing: opportunities, problems, and a process”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 199-208.
BOWDIN G., ALLEN J., O’TOOLE W., HARRIS R., MCDONNELL I. (2011), Events management, 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
BRACALENTE B., FERRUCCI L. (2009), Eventi culturali e sviluppo economico locale. Dalla valutazione d’impatto alle implicazioni di policy in alcune esperienze umbre, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
CANISI V. (2008), Siamo qui per la bellezza del gioco, Associazione Giochi Antichi, Verona.
CANISI V. (2011), Un Paese che gioca, Scripta edizioni, Verona.
CARRÀ MITTINI E. (2009), Buone pratiche e capitale sociale a confronto. Servizi alla persona pubblici e di privato sociale a confronto, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano.
CASTELLANI P. (2004), “Spunti di riflessione sull’organizzazione di eventi”, Sinergie, n. 64-65, pp. 361-397.
CHERUBINI S., BONETTI E., IASEVOLI G., RESCINITI R. (2009), Il valore degli eventi. Valutare ex ante ed ex post gli effetti socio-economici, esperienziali e territoriali, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
CHERUBINI S., IASEVOLI G. (2007), “Stakeholders Event Evaluation: Notte Bianca Case Study”, Mercati e Competitività, n. 3, pp. 47-71.
D’ASTOUS A., COLBERT F., D’ASTOUS E. (2006), “The Personality of Cultural Festivals: Scale Development and Applications”, International Journal of Arts Management, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 14-23.
DALL’ARA G. (2009), Dalla promozione al marketing degli eventi, Halley Editrice, Milano.
DELAMERE T.A., WANKEL L.M., HINCH T.D. (2001), “Development of a Scale to Measure Resident Attitudes toward the Social Impacts of Community Festivals, Part I: Item Generation and Purification of the Measure”, Event Management, vol. 7, n. 1, pp. 11-24.
DONATI P. (a cura di) (2007), Famiglie e bisogni sociali: la frontiera delle buone prassi, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR GENDER EQUALITY (EIGE) (2013), Mainstreaming gender into the policies and the programmes of the institutions of the European Union and EU Member States, Publications Office of the European Union, Belgium.
FERGUSON H. (2004), “Per una teoria emergente delle buone prassi”, in Forgheraiter F. (a cura di), Il servizio sociale post moderno. Modelli emergenti, Erickson, Trento, pp. 231-252.
FERRARI S. (2012), Event marketing. I grandi eventi e gli eventi speciali come strumenti di marketing, Cedam, Trento.
FOLGHERAITER F. (1998), Teoria e metodologia del servizio sociale: la prospettiva di rete, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
FOLGHERAITER F. (2001), “Organizzazione di reti familiari nel territorio”, Consultori familiari oggi, IX, 3, pp. 87-97.
GEPHART R.P. (2004), “Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 47, n. 4. pp. 454-462.
GETZ D. (1997), Event Management and Event Tourism, Cognizant Communications Corporation, New York.
GETZ D. (2005), Event Management and Event Tourism, 2nd ed., Cognizant Communications Corporation, New York.
GOLDBLATT J.J. (1997), Special Events: Best Practices in Modern Event Management, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
GOLEMAN D., BOYATZIS R.E., MCKEE A. (2002), “Essere leader”, Bur, Milano (tit. orig. Primal Leadership).
GURSOY D., KIM K., UYSAL M. (2004), “Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: an extension and validation”, Tourism Management, vol. 25, n. 2, pp. 171-181.
HALL C.M. (1992), Hallmark tourism events: impacts, management and planning, London, Belhaven.
HANDELMAN D. (1998), Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events, Berghahn Books, New York.
HERRERO L.C., SANZ J.A., DEVESA M., BEDADE A., DEL BARRIO M.J. (2007), “Economic Impact and Social Performance of Cultural Macrofestivals”, in Richards G., Cultural Tourism. Global and Local Perspectives, The Haworth Hospitality Press, New York.
HUGHES G. (1999), “Urban Revitalization: the Use of Festive Time Strategies”, Leisure Studies, vol. 18, n. 2, pp. 119-135.
ISFOL (2004), La metodologia ISFOL per l’individuazione e l’analisi delle buone pratiche in ambito FSE Area Interventi comunitari.
IZZO F., MASIELLO B. (2009), “Reti organizzative e creazione di valore degli eventi. Il network orchestrator nei festival della cultura”, in Cherubini S., Bonetti E., Iasevoli G., Resciniti R., Il valore degli eventi. Valutare ex ante ed ex post gli effetti socio-economici, esperienziali e territoriali, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
JOHNSTON W.J., LEACH M.P., LIU A.H. (1999), “Theory testing using case studies in business-to-business research”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 28, pp. 201-213.
KIM C., SCOTT D., THIGPEN J.F., KIM S.S. (1998), “Economic Impacts of a Birding Festival”, Journal of Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 5, n. 1-2, pp. 51-58.
MARSH P., FISHER M. (2005), Developing the evidence base for social work and social care practice, Using knowledge in Social Care - Report 10, Social Care Institute for Excellence, London.
PALUMBO M. (2001), Il processo di valutazione. Decidere, programmare, valutare, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
POLICY STUDIES INSTITUTE (1992), Arts Festivals, Cultural Trends, Policy Studies Institute, London.
RICHARDS G. (2007), “The Festivalization of Society or the Socialization of Festivals? The Case of Catalunya”, in Richards G. (ed.), Cultural Tourism. Global and Local Perspectives, The Haworth Hospitality press, New York.
RITCHIE J.R. (1984), “Assessing the Impact of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues”, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 23, n. 1, pp. 3-11.
ROBERTSON M., ELSPETH F. (2008), Events and Festivals: Current Trends and Issues, Routledge, New York.
ROCHE M. (1992), “Mega Events and Micro-modernization: on the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism”, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, n. 4, pp. 563-600.
ROSSATO C. (2008), “Comunicare la mission”, Sinergie, n. 77, pp. 141-162.
ROSSI G., BOCCACIN L. (2007), Capitale sociale e partnership tra pubblico, privato e terzo settore. Vol. I. Il caso di buone pratiche nei servizi alla famiglia, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
RULLANI E. (2004), Economia della conoscenza. Creatività e valore nel capitalismo delle reti, Carocci, Roma.
SIGGELKOW N. (2007), “Persuasion With Case Studies”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 50, n. 1, pp. 20-24.
SMALL K. (2008), “Social Dimension of Community Festivals: an Application of Factor Analysis in the Development of the Social Impact Perception (SIP) Scale”, Event Management, vol. 11, n. 1-2, pp. 45-55.
SMITH L.J. (1990), Dictionary of concepts in recreation and leisure studies, Greenwood Press, Westport.
SOLIMA L. (2006), L’impresa culturale. Processi e strumenti di gestione, Carocci editore, Roma.
STRAUSS C.H., LORD B.E. (2001), “Economic Impacts of a Heritage Tourism System”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 8, n. 4, pp. 199-2014.
UNESCO (2003), Convenzione per la salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale immateriale, Parigi, disponibile sul sito www.unesco.it/cni/index.php/cultura/patrimonio-immateriale
UNESCO (2009), Investigating in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue, Luxembourg, disponibile sul sito www.unesco.org/fr/world-reports/cultural-diversity.
UNESCO (2014), Basic Texts of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Unesco, France.
UNESCO/Council of Europe (2001), Code of Good Practice in the Provision of Transnational Education, Riga, 6 June, disponibile sul sito www.coe.int/t/dg4/highereducation/recognition/Codeofgoodpractice_EN.asp
UYSAL M., GITELSON R., (1994), “Assessment of Economic Impacts: Festivals and Special Events”, Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 2, n. 1, pp. 3-10.
VAN DER WAGEN (2001), Event Management, Hospitality Press, Australia.
WATERMAN S. (1998), “Carnivals for Elites? The Cultural Politics of Arts Festivals”, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 54-74.
WHEELEN T.L., HUNGER D.J. (1998), Strategic Management and Business Policy, Addison Wesley Publication, New York, Sixth Edition.
YIN R.K. (2003), Case study research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications, London, (III Edition).
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2016-04-28
