Shareholder engagement e co-creation. Un’analisi su un campione di imprese quotate (Shareholder engagement and co-creation. An analysis of a sample of listed companies)

Authors

  • Salvatore Esposito De Falco
  • Nicola Cucari
  • Sergio Carbonara

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7433/s106.2018.03

Keywords:

shareholder engagement, value co-creation, corporate governance, dissent of minority shareholders

Abstract

Purpose of the paper: The paper analyzes and interprets the shareholder engagement as a means of co-creation of value and aims to verify whether it could encourage a greater flow of information within the firm, creating the foundations for a shared government.

Methodology: This study has an exploratory approach; the scholars used a phenomenological approach to test a sample of 44% of Italian companies to large and mid-cap. The data used refer to the years 2014/2016 and report the degree of dissent by minority shareholders with respect to the proposals in shareholder meetings and in particular with regard to remuneration policies.

Findings: Results show that the continuous shareholder engagement reduces the degree of dissent by minority towards business decisions, with regard to decisions relating to the remuneration policies.

Research limits: The paper used a sample of 44% of Italian companies to large and mid-caps listed. It would be desirable, in the future, expand the survey to a sample of international companies, operating in different contexts. 

Practical implications: The paper provides information on the operation and effectiveness of the actions and policies of engagement by providing useful practical guidance on the effectiveness of proxy solicitors and on a “new role” of the Annual General Meeting.

Originality of the paper: In studies on corporate governance, the co-creation of value approach has not found a specific epistemological framework. In this work, however, we have tried to reinterpret the shareholder engagement as a co-creation tool.

References

ACHARYA V.V., VOLPIN P.F. (2010), “Corporate governance Externalities”, Review of Finance, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 1-33.

AGUILERA R.V., DESENDER K., BEDNAR M.K., LEE J.H. (2015), “Connecting the dots: Bringing external corporate governance into the corporate governance puzzle”, Academy of Management Annals, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 483-573.

AGUILERA R., JUDGE W., TERJESEN S. (2016), “Corporate governance Deviance”, Academy of Management Review, pubblicato on line prima della stampa il 18 luglio 2016.

AMEER R., RAHMAN R.A. (2009), “The impact of minority shareholder watchdog group activism on the performance of targeted firms in Malaysia”, Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, vol. 5, n. 1, pp. 67-92.

ASSONIME (2015), La Corporate governance in Italia: autodisciplina, remunerazioni e comply-or-explain, Roma.

BARILE S., GATTI M. (2007), “Corporate governance e creazione di valore nella prospettiva sistemico-vitale”, Sinergie, n. 73-74, pp. 151-168.

BENDAPUDI N., LEONE R.P. (2003), “Psychological implications of customer participation in co-production”, Journal of Marketing, vol. 67, n. 1, pp. 14-28.

CHAPMAN AND CUTLER LLP (a cura di) (2016), Considering a Shareholder Engagement Policy. The What, Why and How, New York, Available on: http://www.chapman. com/insights-publications-Shareholder_Engagement_Policy.html

CHUAH K. (2017), “Carrot or Stick? Strategic Corporate governance and the Incentivization of Attention to Environmental, Social, and Governance Issues”, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3090302

CHUNG H.H., WYNN J.P (2014), “Corporate governance, directors’ and officers’ insurance premiums and audit fees”, Managerial Auditing Journal, vol. 29, pp. 173-195.

CHUNG H., TALAULICAR T. (2010), “Forms and effects of shareholder activism”, Corporate governance: An International Review, vol. 18, n. 4, pp. 253-257.

COLLOVÀ C., PRESTIDGE S. (2015), Corporate governance: long-term shareholder engagement, European Parliamentary Research Service.

CONFERENCE Board Governance CENTER (2016), Guidelines for Investor Engagement, Research Report, USA.

CONSOB (2016), Relazione per l’anno 2015, Roma.

CRANE A., PALAZZO G., SPENCE L.J., MATTEN D. (2014), “Contesting the value of ‘Creating Shared value’’, California Management Review, vol. 56, n. 2, pp. 130-151.

DAVIS J.H., SCHOORMAN F.D., DONALDSON L. (1997), “Toward a Stewardship Theory of management”, Academy of Management review, vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 20-47.

DEMBEK K., SINGH P., BHAKOO V. (2016), “Literature Review of Shared value: A Theoretical Concept or a Management Buzzword?”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 137, n. 2, pp. 231-267.

DOIDGE C., KAROLYI A., LINS V., MILLER P., STULZ M. (2009), “Private Benefits of Control, Ownership, and the Cross-Listing Decision”, Journal of Finance, vol. 64, n. 1, pp. 425-466.

DONALDSON T., PRESTON L.E. (1995), “The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 20, n. 1, pp. 65-91.

DYCK A., ZINGALES L. (2004), “Private benefits of control: An international comparison”, The Journal of Finance, vol. 59, n. 2, pp. 537-600.

EHRHARDT O., NOWAK E. (2003), “Private benefits and minority shareholder expropriation (or what exactly are private benefits of control?”, in EFA 2003 Annual Conference Paper, n. 809.

ERTIMUR Y., FERRI F., MUSLU V. (2010), “Shareholder Activism and CEO Pay”, Review of Financial Studies, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 535-592.

ESPOSITO DE FALCO S. (2006) (a cura di), Evoluzione e prospettive negli studi sulla governance tra economia e diritto societario, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli.

ESPOSITO DE FALCO S. (2010), “La Corporate governance negli studi sul governo d’impresa. Approcci prevalenti e strumenti di controllo”, in Pellicano M. e Ciasullo M.V. (a cura di), La visione strategica dell’impresa, Giappichelli Editori, Torino.

ESPOSITO DE FALCO S. (2014), La corporate governance per il governo dell’impresa, McGraw-Hill, Milano.

ESPOSITO DE FALCO S. (2017), I rapporti di potere nel sistema proprietario. Il difficile equilibrio tra maggioranza e minoranza, Cedam, Padova.

ESPOSITO DE FALCO S., CUCARI N., SORRENTINO E. (2016), “Voting dissent and corporate governance structures: the role of Say on pay in a comparative analysis”, Corporate Ownership and Control, vol. 13, n. 4, pp. 188-197.

FERRARO, F., BEUNZA D. (2014), “Why Talk? A Process Model of Dialogue in Shareholder Engagement” SSRN Scholarly Paper n. ID 2419571, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2419571

FREEMAN R.E. (1994), “The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions”, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 4, n. 4, pp. 409-421.

GEORGESON (2011), Annual Corporate governance Review, Report available on: http://www.computershare-na.com/sharedweb/georgeson/acgr/acgr2011.pdf

GIFFORD J. (2012), “Effective shareholder engagement: The factors that contribute to shareholder salience”, in Hebb T. (a cura di), The next generation of responsible investing, vol. 1, Springer Science, London, pp. 83-106.

GOLDSTEIN M. (2014), Defining engagement: An update on the evolving relationship between shareholders, directors and executives, edizione a cura di Institutional Shareholder Services for the Investor Responsibility Research Center Institute, New York, Available on: https://irrcinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/engagement-between-corporations-and-investors-at-all-time-high1.pdf

GOLINELLI G.M. (2000), L’approccio sistemico al governo dell’impresa. L’impresa sistema vitale, vol. 1, Cedam, Padova.

GOODMAN J., LOUCHE C., VAN CRANENBURGH K.C., ARENAS D. (2014), “Social shareholder engagement: The dynamics of voice and exit”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 125, n. 2, pp. 193-210.

GORANOVA M., RYAN L.V. (2014), “Shareholder activism a multidisciplinary review”, Journal of Management, vol. 40, n. 5, pp. 1230-1268.

HIRSCHMAN A.O. (1970), Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states, Harvard University Press.

HOCKERTS K., MOIR L. (2004), “Communicating corporate responsibility to investors: The changing role of the investor relations function”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 52. n. 1, pp. 85-98.

IND N., COATES N. (2013), “The meanings of co-creation”, European Business Review, vol. 25, n. 1, pp. 86-95.

IVANOVA M.R. (2017), “Institutional investors as stewards of the corporation: Exploring the challenges to the monitoring hypothesis”, Business Ethics: A European Review, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 175-188.

JUDGE W.Q., GAUR A., MULLER‐KAHLE M.I. (2010), “Antecedents of shareholder activism in target firms: evidence from a multi‐country study”, Corporate governance: An International Review, vol. 18, n. 4, pp. 258-273.

KLEIN A., ZUR E. (2009), “Entrepreneurial shareholder activism: Hedge funds and other private investors”, The Journal of Finance, vol. 64, n. 1, pp. 187-229.

KORHONEN H. (2013), “Organizational needs: A co-creation and human systems perspective”, Journal of Business Market Management, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 214-22.

LA PORTA R., LOPEZ‐DE‐SILANES F., SHLEIFER A. (1999), “Corporate ownership around the world”, The Journal of Finance, vol. 54, n. 2, pp. 471-517.

LEE M.D.P., LOUNSBURY M. (2011), “Domesticating Radical Rant and Rage: An Exploration of the Consequences of Environmental Shareholder Resolutions on Corporate Environmental Performance”, Business and Society, vol. 50, n. 1, pp. 155–188.

LETZA S., SUN X., KIRKBRIDE J. (2004), “Shareholding versus stakeholding: A critical review of corporate governance”, Corporate governance: An International Review, vol. 12, n. 3, pp. 242-262.

LIPTON M. (2016), The New Paradigm for Corporate governance. Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate governance and Financial Regulation, February 2016, Available on: https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2016/02/03/the-new-paradigm-for-corporate-governance

LOVELOCK C., GUMMESSON E. (2004), “Whither services marketing? In search of a new paradigm and fresh perspectives”, Journal of Service Research, vol. 7, n. 1, pp. 20-41.

LYDENBERG S. (2007), “Universal investors and socially responsible investors: A tale of emerging affinities”, Corporate governance: An International Review, vol. 15, n. 3, pp. 467-477.

MALLIN C., MELIS A. (2012), “Shareholder rights, shareholder voting, and corporate performance”, Journal of Management and Governance, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 171-176.

MCNULTY T., ZATTONI A., DOUGLAS T. (2013), “Developing corporate governance research through qualitative methods: A review of previous studies”, Corporate governance: An International Review, vol. 21, n. 2, pp. 183-198.

MEHTA T. (2013), Shareholder Engagement: Maximizing the Shareholder Relationship, Executive Compensation Insights, Available on: https://www.issgovernance.com/file/publications/MaximizingTheShareholderRelationshipvol._13.3.pdf

MITCHELL R.K., AGLE B.R., WOOD D.J. (1997), “Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 22, n. 4, pp. 853-886.

NORMANN R., RAMIREZ R. (1994), Designing Interactive Strategy. From Value Chain to Value Costellation, John Wiley & Sons, Chicester, England.

OTHMAN S., BORGES W.G. (2015), “Shareholder Activism in Malaysia: Is it Effective?”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 172, pp. 427-434.

POLESE F., IANDOLO F., CARRUBO L. (2015), “Co-creare valore compartecipando valori. Un contributo in ottica service, tra fruizione e compartecipazione”, Atti del XXVII Convegno annuale di Sinergie - Heritage, management e impresa: quali sinergie?, Termoli, 9-10 Luglio.

PORTER M.E., KRAMER M.R. (2006), “Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 84, n. 12, pp. 78-92.

PORTER M.E., KRAMER M.R. (2011), “Creating shared value”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 89, n. 1/2, pp. 62-77.

PRAHALAD C.K., RAMASWAMY V. (2004), “Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation”, Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 18, n. 3, pp. 5-14.

RANJAN K.R., READ S. (2016), “Value co-creation: concept and measurement”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 44, n. 3, pp. 290-315.

REHBEIN K., LOGSDON J.M., VAN BUREN H.J. (2013), “Corporate responses to shareholder activists: Considering the dialogue alternative”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 112, n. 1, pp. 137-154.

RENNEBOOG L., SZILAGYI P. (2013), “Shareholder engagement at European general meetings”, in Belcredi M., Ferrarini G., Boards and shareholders in European listed companies. Facts, contexts and reform proposals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 251-315.

RÖNDELL J.G., SÖRHAMMAR D., GIDHAGEN M. (2016), “Co-governance in the consumer engagement process: facilitating multi-beneficial value creation”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 24, n. 3-4, pp. 327-345.

SPOHRER J., ANDERSON L., PASS N., AGER T. (2008), Service Science e Service Dominant Logic, Otago Forum 2, pp. 4-18.

STRAMPELLI G. (2017), “Knocking at the Boardroom Door: A Transatlantic Overview of Director-Institutional Investor Engagement in Law and Practice”, Virginia Law and Business Review, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3044278

VARGO S.L., LUSCH R.F. (2004), “Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing”, Journal of marketing, vol. 68, n. 1, pp. 1-17.

VON KROGH G., ROSSI-LAMASTRA C., HAEFLIGER S. (2012), “Phenomenon-based research in management and organization science: When is it rigorous and does it matter?”, Long Range Planning, vol. 45, n. 4, pp. 277-298.

YOUNG M.N., PENG M.W., AHLSTROM D., BRUTON G.D., JIANG Y. (2008), “Corporate governance in emerging economies: A review of the principal-principal perspective”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 45, n. 1, pp. 196-220.

Downloads

Published

2018-10-30