New value creation opportunities for Start-ups with I4.0: resources and capabilities capitalisation and effects on the Value Chain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7433/s116.2021.04Keywords:
value creation; start-up; Industry 4.0; supply chain; business modelsAbstract
Purpose of the paper: this research aims to investigate how I4.0 enables new opportunities of value creation for start-ups using internal or external resources and capabilities related to Industry 4.0 (I4.0).
Methodology: we use a qualitative case study research approach, mainly because of the exploratory nature of the research and the newness of the analysed trend.
Results: the research points out three possible opportunities for starting new businesses: using a mix of internal and external resources/capabilities (Grafting 4.0), a combination, coordination and management of external resources and capabilities (Pollination 4.0), or internal resources and capabilities with a comprehensive 4.0 approach (Blooming 4.0). For each of them the required 4.0 technologies and the new paradigm’s application are examined.
Research limitations: The analysed cases are all based in Italy, for a better validation it would be interesting to expand the study to other countries.
Practical implications: this paper may be helpful for prospective entrepreneurs that should ask themselves which kind of opportunity they could grab in consideration of the internal and external resources and competencies.
Originality of the paper: to the best of our knowledge this paper is amongst the first ones analysing the opportunities given by I4.0 to start new businesses.
References
AHRAM T., SARGOLZAEI A., SARGOLZAEI S., DANIELS J., AMABA B. (2017, June), “Blockchain technology innovations”, In 2017 IEEE technology and engineering management conference (TEMSCON) (pp. 137-141), IEEE.
ALMADA-LOBO F. (2015), “The Industry 4.0 revolution and the future of Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)”, Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 3, n. 4, pp. 16-21.
AMIT R., ZOTT C. (2001), “Value creation in e-business”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22, n. 6-7, pp. 493-520.
ANCARANI A., DI MAURO C., MASCALI F. (2019), “Backshoring strategy and the adoption of Industry 4.0: Evidence from Europe”, Journal of World Business, vol. 54, n. 4, pp. 360-371.
ATTI G. (2018), “La supply chain digitale e gli acquisti del futuro”, in Atti G., (a cura di), La quarta rivoluzione industriale: verso la supply chain digitale. Il futuro degli acquisti pubblici e privati nell’era digitale. Casi e studi d’impresa, Franco Angeli Edizioni, Milano.
AZUMA R.T. (1997), “A survey of augmented reality”, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 355-385.
BADEN-FULLER C., HAEFLIGER S. (2013), “Business models and technological innovation”, Long Range Planning, vol. 46, n. 6, pp. 419-426.
BARRETO L., AMARAL A., PEREIRA T. (2017), “Industry 4.0 implications in logistics: an overview”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 13, n. 17, pp. 1245-1252.
BAUMOL W.J. (2002), Entrepreneurship, innovation and growth: The David-Goliath symbiosis”, Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, JEF, vol. 7, n. 2, pp. 1-10.
BAUR C., WEE D. (2015), Manufacturing’s next act, McKinsey and Company, Munich.
BAWONO M., MIHARDJO L. (2020), “Driving transformation performance through innovation and experience model”, Management Science Letters, vol. 10, n. 6, pp. 1259-1264.
BERTINI S. (2017), Il posizionamento tecnologico delle supply chain toscane sul tema fabbrica 4.0, Irpet, Firenze.
BIBBY L., DEHE B. (2018), “Defining and assessing industry 4.0 maturity levels-case of the defence sector”, Production Planning and Control, vol. 29, n. 12, pp. 1030-1043.
BIENHAUS F., HADDUD A. (2018), “Procurement 4.0: factors influencing the digitisation of procurement and supply chains”, Business Process Management Journal, vol. 24, n. 4, pp. 965-984.
BLASI G., PISANTE M., SARTORI L., CASA R., LIBERATORI S., LORETO F., SARNO G. (2017), Linee guida per lo sviluppo dell’agricoltura di precisione in Italia, Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali.
BRUSINI C. (2017), “Ricerca applicata, all’Italia manca una rete organizzata. Per i nuovi poli lo 0,6% dei soldi spesi dal governo in incentivi”, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 18th September 2017.
BUCY M., HALL S., YAKOLA D. (2016), Transformation with a Capital T, McKinsey Quarterly.
BUER S.V., STRANDHAGEN J.O., CHAN F.T. (2018), “The link between Industry 4.0 and lean manufacturing: mapping current research and establishing a research agenda”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 56, n. 8, pp. 2924-2940.
BUSTINZA O.F., BIGDELI A.Z., BAINES T., ELLIOT C. (2015), “Servitization and competitive advantage: the importance of organizational structure and value chain position”, Research-Technology Management, vol. 58, n. 5, pp. 53-60.
CASPRINI E., PUCCI T., ZANNI L. (2014), “Business model shifts: a case study on firms that apply high-technology to cultural goods”, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 171-187.
CERVED (2019), Toscana 4.0 Le performance delle imprese toscane innovative, Direzione Attività Produttive, Regione Toscana
CHEN I.J., PAULRAJ A. (2004), “Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements”, Journal of Operations Management, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 119-150.
CIMINI C., RONDINI A., PEZZOTTA G., PINTO R. (2018), “Smart manufacturing as an enabler of servitization: a framework for the business transformation towards a smart service ecosystem”, In Proceedings of the 23rd Summer School Francesco Turco, vol. 2018, pp. 341-347), AIDI (Italian Association of Industrial Operations Professors).
CULOT G., ORZES G., SARTOR M., NASSIMBENI G. (2020), “The future of manufacturing: A Delphi-based scenario analysis on Industry 4.0”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 157, n. 8, pp. 120092.
DA SILVA V.L., KOVALESKI J.L., PAGANI R.N. (2019), “Technology transfer in the supply chain oriented to industry 4.0: a literature review”, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, vol. 31, n. 5, pp. 546-562.
DALENOGARE L.S., BENITEZ G.B., AYALA N. F., FRANK A.G. (2018), “The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance”, International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 204, n. 2018, pp. 383-394.
DING B. (2018), “Pharma industry 4.0: Literature review and research opportunities in sustainable pharmaceutical supply chains”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 119, n. 2018, pp. 115-130.
DRATH R., HORCH A. (2014), “Industrie 4.0: Hit or hype?”, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 56-58.
EISENHARDT K.M. (1989), “Building theories from case study research”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 532-550.
EISENHARDT K.M., GRAEBNER M.E. (2007), “Theory building from cases: opportunities and challenges”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 50, n. 1, pp. 25-32.
ERICSON Å., LUGNET J., WENNGREN J., KAARTINEN H., PIESKÄ S., SOLVANG W.D., SZIEBIG G. (2018, April), “Innovations & industrial internet: Research for regional growth and competitiveness”, in 2018 2nd International Symposium on Small-scale Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (SIMS) (pp. 1-4), IEEE.
FANTONI G., CERVELLI G., PIRA S., TRIVELLI L., MOCENNI C., ZINGONE R., PUCCI T. (2017), Ecosistemi 4.0: Imprese, Società, Capitale Umano, Fondazione G. Brodolini, Roma.
FATORACHIAN H., KAZEMI H. (2021), “Impact of Industry 4.0 on supply chain performance”, Production Planning and Control, vol. 32, n. 1, pp. 63-81.
FERRÁS-HERNÁNDEZ X., ARMISEN-MORELL A., SABATA-ALBERICH A., TARRATS-PONS E., ARIMANY-SERRAT N. (2019), “The new manufacturing: In search of the origins of the next generation manufacturing start-ups”, International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, vol. 16, n. 02, pp. 1950014.
FETTERMANN D.C., CAVALCANTE C.G.S., ALMEIDA T.D.D., TORTORELLA G.L. (2018), “How does Industry 4.0 contribute to operations management?”, Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, vol. 35, n. 4, pp. 255-268.
GARZONI A., DE TURI I., SECUNDO G., DEL VECCHIO P. (2020), “Fostering digital transformation of SMEs: a four levels approach”, Management Decision, vol. 58, n. 8, pp. 1543-1562.
GEISSBAUER R., VEDSO J., SCHRAUF S. (2016), Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise, Retrieved from PwC Website: https://www. pwc. com/gx/en/industries/industries-4.0/landing-page/industry-4.0-building-your-digital-enterprise-april-2016. pdf.
GERLITZ L. (2016), “Design management as a domain of smart and sustainable enterprise: business modelling for innovation and smart growth in Industry 4.0”, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, vol. 3, n. 3, p. 244.
GHOBAKHLOO M. (2018), “The future of manufacturing industry: a strategic roadmap toward Industry 4.0”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 29, n. 6, pp. 910- 936.
GIBBERT M., RUIGROK W., WICKI B. (2008), “What passes as a rigorous case study?”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 29, n. 13, pp. 1465-1474.
GÖLZER P., FRITZSCHE A. (2017), “Data-driven operations management: organisational implications of the digital transformation in industrial practice”, Production Planning and Control, vol. 28, n. 16, pp. 1332-1343.
GRANDINETTI R., CIASULLO M.V., PAIOLA M., SCHIAVONE F. (2020), “Fourth industrial revolution, digital servitization and relationship quality in Italian B2B manufacturing firms. An exploratory study”, The TQM Journal, vol. 32, n. 4, pp. 647-671.
HAHN G.J. (2020), “Industry 4.0: a supply chain innovation perspective”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 58, n. 5, pp. 1425-1441.
HALLDÓRSSON Á., HSUAN J., KOTZAB H. (2015), “Complementary theories to supply chain management revisited-from borrowing theories to theorizing”, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 20,n. 6, pp. 574-586.
HERMANN M., PENTEK T., OTTO B. (2016), “Design principles for industrie 4.0 scenarios”, In System Sciences (HICSS), 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 3928-3937), IEEE., Koloa.
HOFMANN E., RÜSCH M. (2017), “Industry 4.0 and the current status as well as future prospects on logistics”, Computers in Industry, vol. 89, n. 2017, pp. 23-34.
HORVÁTH D., SZABÓ R.Z. (2019), “Driving forces and barriers of Industry 4.0: Do multinational and small and medium-sized companies have equal opportunities?”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 146, n. 9, pp. 119-132.
HSU C.H., YANG H.C. (2016), “Real-time near-optimal scheduling with rolling horizon for automatic manufacturing cell”, IEEE Access, vol. 5, n. 2017, pp. 3369-3375.
IBARRA D., GANZARAIN J., IGARTUA J.I. (2018), “Business model innovation through Industry 4.0: A review”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 22, n. 2018, pp. 4-10.
ILVONEN I., THALMANN S., MANHART M., SILLABER C. (2018), “Reconciling digital transformation and knowledge protection: a research agenda”, Knowledge Management Research and Practice, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 235-244.
INGUSCIO F. (2018,), “Piano 4.0? Va inserita una quota start-up”, Il sole 24 Ore, 20th March 2018.
IVANOV D., DOLGUI A., SOKOLOV B. (2019), “The impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on the ripple effect and supply chain risk analytics”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 57, n. 3, pp. 829-846.
KAGERMANN H. (2015), “Change through digitization-Value creation in the age of Industry 4.0”, In Management of Permanent Change (pp. 23-45), Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden.
KALTENBACH F., MARBER P., GOSEMANN C., BÖLTS T., KÜHN A. (2018, June), “Smart services maturity level in Germany”, In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) (pp. 1-7), IEEE.
KANG H.S., LEE J.Y., CHOI S., KIM H., PARK J.H., SON J.Y., KIM B.H., NOH D.S. (2016), “Smart manufacturing: Past research, present findings, and future directions”, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 111-128.
KHAQQI K.N., SIKORSKI J.J., HADINOTO K., KRAFT M. (2018), “Incorporating seller/buyer reputation-based system in blockchain-enabled emission trading application”, Applied Energy, vol. 209, n. 2018, pp. 8-19.
KIEL D., MÜLLER J.M., ARNOLD C., VOIGT K.I. (2017), “Sustainable industrial value creation: Benefits and challenges of industry 4.0”, International Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 21, n. 8, pp. 1-34.
KIPPER L.M., FURSTENAU L.B., HOPPE D., FROZZA R., IEPSEN S. (2020), “Scopus scientific mapping production in industry 4.0 (2011-2018): a bibliometric analysis”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 58, n. 6, pp. 1605-1627.
KOGUT B., ZANDER U. (1992), “Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology”, Organization Science, vol. 3, n. 3, pp. 383-397.
KOHTAMÄKI M., PARIDA V., OGHAZI P., GEBAUER H., BAINES T. (2019), “Digital servitization business models in ecosystems: A theory of the firm”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 104, n. 11, pp. 380-392.
KOREN Y., SHPITALNI M. (2010), “Design of reconfigurable manufacturing systems”, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 29, n. 4, pp. 130-141.
KOUHIZADEH M., ZHU Q., SARKIS J. (2020), “Blockchain and the circular economy: potential tensions and critical reflections from practice”, Production Planning and Control, vol. 31, n. 11-12, pp. 950-966.
KUMAR M., GRAHAM G., HENNELLY P., SRAI J. (2016), “How will smart city production systems transform supply chain design: a product-level investigation”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 54, n. 23, pp. 7181-7192.
LASI H., FETTKE P., KEMPER H.G., FELD T., HOFFMANN M. (2014), “Industry 4.0”, Business and Information Systems Engineering, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 239-242.
LEE J., KAO H.A., YANG S. (2014), Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment”, Procedia Cirp, vol. 16, n. 1, pp. 3-8.
LEZOCHE M., HERNANDEZ J.E., DÍAZ M.D.M.E.A., PANETTO H., KACPRZYK J. (2020), “Agri-food 4.0: a survey of the supply chains and technologies for the future agriculture”, Computers in Industry, vol. 117, n. 5, pp. 103187.
LI DA XU, ERIC L. XU, LING LI (2018) “Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 56, n. 8, pp. 2941-2962.
LI D., FAST-BERGLUND Å., PAULIN D. (2020, December), “Production Innovation and Effective Dissemination of Information for Operator 4.0”, In SPS2020: Proceedings of the Swedish Production Symposium, October 7-8, 2020 (vol. 13, p. 229), IOS Press.
LIAO Y., DESCHAMPS F., LOURES E.D.F.R., RAMOS L.F.P. (2017), “Past, present and future of Industry 4.0-a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 55. n. 12, pp. 3609-3629
LIN K., SHYU J., DING K. (2017), “A cross-strait comparison of innovation policy under industry 4.0 and sustainability development transition”, Sustainability, vol. 9, n. 5, pp. 786.
LOM M., PRIBYL O., SVITEK M. (2016, May), “Industry 4.0 as a part of smart cities”, In 2016 Smart Cities Symposium Prague (SCSP) (pp. 1-6), IEEE.
MACCHI M., FARRUKU K., HOLGADO M., NEGRI E., PANARESE D. (2016), “Economic and environmental impact assessment through system dynamics of technology-enhanced maintenance services”, International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, vol. 23, n. 1, pp. 36-56.
MAJEED A.A., RUPASINGHE T.D. (2017), “Internet of things (IoT) embedded future supply chains for industry 4.0: An assessment from an ERP-based fashion apparel and footwear industry”, International Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 6, n. 1, pp. 25-40.
MIHARDJO L., SASMOKO S., ALAMSJAH F., ELIDJEN E. (2019), “Digital leadership role in developing business model innovation and customer experience orientation in industry 4.0”, Management Science Letters, vol. 9, n. 11, pp. 1749-1762.
MOEUF A., LAMOURI S., PELLERIN R., TAMAYO-GIRALDO S., TOBON-VALENCIA E., EBURDY R. (2020), “Identification of critical success factors, risks and opportunities of Industry 4.0 in SMEs”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 58, n. 5, pp. 1384-1400.
MORRIS M., SCHINDEHUTTE M., ALLEN J. (2005), “The entrepreneur’s business model: toward a unified perspective”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 58, n. 6, pp. 726-735.
MUANGPRATHUB J., BOONNAM N., KAJORNKASIRAT S., LEKBANGPONG N., WANICHSOMBAT A., NILLAOR P. (2019), “IoT and agriculture data analysis for smart farm”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 156, n. 1, pp. 467-474.
MUHURI P.K., SHUKLA A.K., ABRAHAM A. (2019), “Industry 4.0: A bibliometric analysis and detailed overview”, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 78, n. 2, pp. 218-235.
MÜLLER J.M., KIEL D., VOIGT K.I. (2018), “What drives the implementation of Industry 4.0? The role of opportunities and challenges in the context of sustainability”, Sustainability, vol. 10, n. 1, p. 247.
NGO T.D., KASHANI A., IMBALZANO G., NGUYEN K.T., HUI D. (2018), “Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges”, Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 143, n. 6, pp. 172-196.
OSTERWALDER A., PIGNEUR Y. (2010), Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
OZTEMEL E., GURSEV S. (2020), “Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies”, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, vol. 31, n. 1, pp. 127-182.
PEREIRA A.C., ROMERO F. (2017), “A review of the meanings and the implications of the Industry 4.0 concept”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 13, n. 2017, pp. 1206-1214.
PIROLA F., CIMINI C., PINTO R. (2020), “Digital readiness assessment of Italian SMEs: a case-study research”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 31, n. 5, pp. 1045-1083.
POPKOVA E.G., RAGULINA Y.V., BOGOVIZ A.V. (2019), “Fundamental differences of transition to industry 4.0 from previous industrial revolutions”, in Popkova E.G., Ragulina Y.V., Bogoviz A.V., Industry 4.0: Industrial Revolution of the 21st Century, Springer, Cham.
PRAUSE G., ATARI S. (2017), “On sustainable production networks for Industry 4.0”, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, vol. 4, n. 4, pp. 421-431.
PUCCI T., NOSI C., ZANNI L. (2017), “Firm capabilities, business model design and performance of SMEs”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 24, n. 2, pp. 222-241.
PUCCI T., SIMONI C., ZANNI L. (2013), “Modelli di business e strategie di marketing nelle medie imprese. La gestione della crisi tra continuità e cambiamento”, Mercati and Competitività, n. 3, pp. 25-45.
QIN J., LIU Y., GROSVENOR R. (2016), “A Categorical Framework of Manufacturing for Industry 4.0 and Beyond”, Procedia CIRP, vol. 52, n. 1, pp. 173-178.
REIM W., PARIDA V., ÖRTQVIST D. (2015), Product-Service Systems (PSS) business models and tactics-a systematic literature review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 97, n. 6, pp. 61-75.
REISCHAUER G. (2018), “Industry 4.0 as policy-driven discourse to institutionalize innovation systems in manufacturing”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 132, n. 7, pp. 26-33.
REMONDINO F., EL‐HAKIM S. (2006), “Image‐based 3D modelling: a review”, The Photogrammetric Record, vol. 21, n. 115, pp. 269-291.
ROBLEK V., MEŠKO M., KRAPEŽ A. (2016), “A complex view of industry 4.0”, Sage Open, vol. 6, n. 2, pp. 1-11.
ROJKO A. (2017), “Industry 4.0 concept: Background and overview”, International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, vol. 11, n. 5, pp. 77-90.
RUIZ-GARCIA L., LUNADEI L. (2011), “The role of RFID in agriculture: Applications, limitations and challenges”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 79, n. 1, pp. 42-50.
RÜßMANN M., LORENZ M., GERBERT P., WALDNER M., JUSTUS J., ENGEL P., HARNISCH M. (2015), “Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries”, Boston Consulting Group, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 54-89.
RÜTTIMANN B.G., STÖCKLI M.T. (2016), “Lean and Industry 4.0-twins, partners, or contenders? A due clarification regarding the supposed clash of two production systems”, Journal of Service Science and Management, vol. 9, n. 6, pp. 485-500.
SANIUK S., SANIUK A., CAGÁŇOVÁ D. (2019), “Cyber Industry Networks as an environment of the Industry 4.0 implementation”, Wireless Networks, vol. 27, n. 3, pp. 1649–1655.
SCHMIDT R., MÖHRING M., HÄRTING R.C., REICHSTEIN C., NEUMAIER P., JOZINOVIĆ P. (2015), “Industry 4.0-potentials for creating smart products: empirical research results”, In International Conference on Business Information Systems (pp. 16-27), Springer, Cham.
SCHRAUF S., BERTTRAM P. (2016), “Industry 4.0: How digitization makes the supply chain more efficient, agile, and customer-focused”, Strategy and Pwc, vol. 9, n. 2016, pp. 1-32.
SCHUH G., POTENTE T., WESCH-POTENTE C., WEBER A.R., PROTE J.P. (2014), “Collaboration Mechanisms to increase Productivity in the Context of Industrie 4.0”, Procedia CIRP, vol. 19, n. 1, pp. 51-56.
SCHUMACHER A., EROL S., SIHN W. (2016), “A maturity model for assessing Industry 4.0 readiness and maturity of manufacturing enterprises”, Procedia Cirp, vol. 52, n. 2016, pp. 161-166.
SJÖDIN D.R., PARIDA V., LEKSELL M., PETROVIC A. (2018), “Smart Factory Implementation and Process Innovation”, Research-Technology Management, vol. 61, n. 5, pp. 22-31.
ŚLUSARCZYK B. (2018), “Industry 4.0: Are we ready?”, Polish Journal of Management Studies, vol. 17, n. 1, pp. 232-248.
STARY C., NEUBAUER M. (2017), “Industrial challenges”, In Neubauer, M., Stary, C. (edited by), S-BPM in the Production Industry, Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland.
STRANDHAGEN J.W., ALFNES E., STRANDHAGEN J.O., VALLANDINGHAM L.R. (2017), “The fit of Industry 4.0 applications in manufacturing logistics: a multiple case study”, Advances in Manufacturing, vol. 5, n. 4, pp. 344-358.
STRANGE R., ZUCCHELLA A. (2017), “Industry 4.0, global value chains and international business”, Multinational Business Review, vol. 25, n. 3, pp. 174-184.
TEECE D. (2017), “Business Model and Dynamic Capabilities”, Long Range Planning, vol. 51, pp. 40-49.
THAMES L., SCHAEFER D. (2016), “Software-defined cloud manufacturing for industry 4.0”, Procedia Cirp, vol. 52, n. 2016, pp. 12-17.
THOBEN K.D., WIESNER S., WUEST T. (2017), “Industrie 4.0” and smart manufacturing-a review of research issues and application examples”, International Journal of Automation Technology, vol. 11, n. 1, pp. 4-16.
THUEMMLER C., BAI C. (Eds.), (2017), Health 4.0: How virtualization and big data are revolutionizing healthcare (pp. 2168-2194), Cham Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
TJAHJONO B., ESPLUGUES C., ARES E., PELAEZ G. (2017), “What does Industry 4.0 mean to Supply Chain?”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 13, n. 2017, pp. 1175-1182.
TRIVELLI L., APICELLA A., CHIARELLO F., RANA R., FANTONI G., TARABELLA A. (2019), “From precision agriculture to Industry 4.0”, British Food Journal, vol. 121, n. 8, pp. 1730-1743.
TUSHMAN M.L., ANDERSON P. (1986), “Technological discontinuities and organizational environments”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 31, n. 3, pp. 439-465.
VAIDYA S., AMBAD P., BHOSLE S. (2018), “Industry 4.0- A glimpse”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 20, n. 2018, pp. 233-238.
VANDERMERWE S., RADA J. (1988), “Servitization of business: adding value by adding services”, European Management Journal, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 314-324.
VENDRELL-HERRERO F., BUSTINZA O.F., PARRY G., GEORGANTZIS N. (2017), “Servitization, digitization and supply chain interdependency”, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 60, n. 1, pp. 69-81.
WAHL M. (2015), “Strategic Factor Analysis For Industry 4.0”, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 241-247.
WIESNER S., THOBEN K.D. (2017), “Cyber-physical product-service systems”, in Biffl S., Lüder A., Gerhard D. (eds) Multi-disciplinary engineering for cyber-physical production systems (pp. 63-88), Springer, Cham.
WILKESMANN M., WILKESMANN U. (2018), “Industry 4.0-organizing routines or innovations?”, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, vol. 48, n. 2, pp. 238-254.
WINKELHAUS S., GROSSE E.H. (2020), “Logistics 4.0: a systematic review towards a new logistics system”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 58, n. 1, pp. 18-43.
WITKOWSKI K. (2017), “Internet of Things, Big Data, Industry 4.0-Innovative Solutions in Logistics and Supply Chains Management”, Procedia Engineering, vol. 182, n. 2017, pp. 763-769.
XU M., DAVID J.M., KIM S.H. (2018), “The fourth industrial revolution: Opportunities and challenges”, International Journal of Financial Research, vol. 9, n. 2, pp. 90-95.
YIN R.K. (2003), Case study research: design and methods, Thousand Oaks, Calif, Sage Publications.
ZAMBON I., CECCHINI M., EGIDI G., SAPORITO M.G., COLANTONI A. (2019), “Revolution 4.0: Industry vs. agriculture in a future development for SMEs”, Processes, vol. 7, n. 1, p. 36.
ZHENG T., ARDOLINO M., BACCHETTI A., PERONA M., ZANARDINI M. (2019), “The impacts of Industry 4.0: a descriptive survey in the Italian manufacturing sector”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 1741, n. 38.
ZHONG R.Y., NEWMAN S.T., HUANG G.Q., LAN S. (2016), “Big Data for supply chain management in the service and manufacturing sectors: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives”, Computers and Industrial Engineering, vol. 101, n. 11, pp. 572-591
ZOTT C., AMIT R., MASSA L. (2011), “The business model: recent developments and future research”, Journal of Management, vol. 37, n. 4, pp. 1019-1042.
